Topic 

 Introduction 

COnquest of Hungary 

The Hungarian language 

Kingdom of Hungary (1000-1301)

István The Saint The First and Heredity 

Geography of Hungary 

Everyday life in Middle-Ages 

Knights and knightly orders 

Knights in Middle-Ages 

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary 

                                                   Introduction 

Hungary Webnode Guide aims to present Hungary this beautiful and important country from arrival of Ancestors to Modern Hungary. 

We will go back until Antique Age presenting Pannonia and Aquincum also. 

I.Conquest of Hungary and settling down

Migration of Nations at the end of 9th century

Conquest of Hungary means the migration of Hungarian People from Etelköz to Carpathian Basin. The late migration has fastened the economic and social prgress of people and has founded development of feodal state. Image of Hungarian Conquest is very epic. Before the Year 1200 Anonymus has visioned and has written this epic period. Prince Árpád has led the occupation and after minor battles he and his Princes and Corps occupied the Hungarian Territory. The fact concerning Hungarian Conquest is that around years 1200 Anonymus has had no eye-witness who could describe process and occupation of Hungarian Territories and so Conquest of Hungary. He knew Regino's Description from around years 900. Oesta Illungaroruma is a Romantic Description concerning Heroic Facts of Ancestors. Anonymus has had known about Conquest of Hungary from Latin Writers work. Conquest of Hungary can be defined as the break-in of people and populations of Euro-Asia. 

Conquest of Hungary 

The final settlement of Hungarian Ancestors can be dated at the turn of 9th and 10th centuries. Before arrival of Hungarian Ancestors three main Empires had fought to control Carpathian-Basin. These Empires were The First Bulgarian Empire, East Francia and Moravia Empires. Hungarian horsemen and soldiers had occasionally helped them. They first occupied the Region called Lowlands East of River Danube and attacked and occupied Pannonia in 900. Pannonia was the Region to the West of River Danube. Hungarians have been familiar with Eastern Regions of steppes which become their future homelands. In time Hungarian Ancestors had crossed Carpathian Mountains following joint attack in 894 and 895 by Pechenegs and Bulgarians against them. 

Hungarian Ancestors have had strenghtened their power and control over Carpathian Basin over the Battle of Brezauluspuro against Bavarians on July 4 907. They also targeted Byzantine Empire between 943 and 971. Hungarian Ancestors settlement have happened gradually in the Carpathian Basin and they established their Christian Monarchy.This Monarchy became Kingdom of Hungary around Year 1000. First written sources have come from Byzantine Authors. Earliest written source is Source of Emperor Leo The Wise Tactics. This work finished around 904 and recounts the War between Bulgar and Byzantine Empire of 894-896. This War was a direct military conflict preceeding Hungarian departure from Pontic Steppec. THe event has been registered in Continuation of Chronicle by George The Monk. Anyway the most detailed source of this Era is The Administrando Imperio(On Governing The Empire). Compilation available from Auspices of Emperor Constantine The Seventh Porhyrogenius in 951 or 952. 

Although events concerning Conquest of Hungary can be found in Ancient Clergymen Books also. Written sources of Successor States of Carolingian Empire count facts closely related to Hungarian Events. One of those books is Annals of Fulda. Annals of Fulda is the earliest work ending in 901. Famous is the Letter of Archibishop Theotmar of Salzburg to Pope John The Ninth in 900. However it is not known that these Letters are reliable of fake sources. Let us evoque Abbot Regino's World Chronicle from Prüm from 889. Important Book is Bishop Lieutprand Antapodosis(Retribution) from Cremona. It is dated around 960. Interesting and unique are the informations provided by Aventinus, a 16th century historian. These are not known from other sources. Anyway reliability of those sources is suspect. 

Let us evoque other sources of Conquest of Hungary. One of them is Lives of Saints which is a Slavonic Church Compilation based on eyewitness account in War between Bulgarian and Byzantine Empire in 894-896. Around 924 has had been written Life of Saint Naum containing nearly contemporary informations on fail of Moravia caused by Hungarian invasions. The earliest copy concerning these events is from the 15th century. Also written on Hungarian events is Russian Chronicles around 1113. 

Informations are based on earlier Byzantine and Moravian Sources "Form of Songs and Ballads". THese are Hungarian Memory Sources of major events of Conquest of Hungary(C.A.Macarmey). The earliest local chronicle comes from the 11th century. During Middle-Ages these Chronicles have been several times rewritten. The 14th century "Illuminated Chronicle contains texts from "Form of Songs and Ballads".

The Earliest Chronicle has been Gesto Hungarorum written before 1200.However one can find some misleading concerning Early Hungarian Texts. Gesto Hungarorum contains informations which are not based and confirmed by contamporenous sources. Next chronicle dates back to 1283 and comes from Simon of Keza  Priest of Hungarian Royal Court. Chronicle of Simon of Keza emphasizes that Hungarian People Ancestors have been Huns, Earlier Conquestors of Carpathian Basin. 

According to these historical written sources Hungarian Conquest is the second conquest of the same territory by the same people. 

source:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the _Carpathian_Basin

Hungarian language 

The Hungarian language 

After Conquest of Hungary and before starting chapter analyzing Early Hungarian State let us giving a brief description on Hungarian language and its origins. Hungarian is a unique language. Foreign linguists Mezofanti and Sie Bowring have written glorious chronicles on Hungarian language. Professional books written over past 50 years dealing with the past of Hungary have made always reference to the origins of Hungarian language and the Hungarians mentioning them directly from Finno-Ugric language group. Within Finno-Ugric language group tighter bands have been supposed with Ugric sub-branch. No or rarely contests are known concerning the linguistic relationship of Hungarian language with Finno-Ugric group even by proponents of other language theories. Major problem is with direct decent relationship with Finno-Ugric groups that Hungarian origins are not closely and genetically tied to their Finnish linguistic relatives. It is known that Eastern Ugrians are Mongoloids unlike most of other Finno-Ugric people of Eastern Europe. Concerning anthropological researches according to Dr.Henkey Gyula, Marc Klein doctor, Dr.Tóth Tibor and Dr. Kiszely István Hungarians are closely related to Southern Central Asian Pamir Western Caucasus Area-Nations. There are some methods to understand and discover the origins of Hungarian language. 

Start to research linguistic relations of Hungarian language like Finno-Ugric linguistic group and Altaic language group. 

source:users. cwnet.com/millenia/language.htm

Hungarian Kingdom(1000-1301) 

When István The Saint The First, Grand Prince of Hungarians has been crowned King the Kingdom of Hungary has come into existance. Important fact is that István (Stephen) The Saint The First forced central authority and forced his Court of Kingdom and people to accept Christianity and agree to it. Although written source show the significant role of Italian and German clerics and knights in Early Hungarian State evolution. 

The evolution of Early Christian State of Hungary had been often accompanied by Pagan uprisings and the aim of Roman Empire to expand their authority over Hungarian Kingdom. All these riots jeopardized the newborn Hungarian Christianism. István The First, Ladislaus(1077-1095) and Coloman(1095-1116) had stabilized Hungarian Empire. THese Emperors have had occupied Territories of Croatia and Dalmatia although they have retained their authorities at the same time. 

Béla THe Second (1131-1141), Béla THe Third(1176-1196),Andrew The Second (1205-1233) , and Béla The Fourth(1235-1270) have had continued the conquest of Balkan Peninsula and Territories placed towards East of Carpathians Mountains. 

source:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kingdom of hungary 

István THe Saint THe King and Heredity 

István The Saint has has been Founder of Hungarian State. He has had lived life according to Early Western lifestyle and followed Early Western Europe. He christianized Hungary and Pagans. That way he forced Hungarian Kingdom to follow Christianism and Western Europe. 

IStván was born in 969 in Esztergom. His real name was Vajk. Father was Prince Géza. Mother was Sarolt herediting from Gyula Family in Transsylvania. The marriage of Sarolt and Géza have had meant parallelism and somehow the beginning of Christianism. 

Beginning of Christianism to fact that Sarolt's father become Christian in Byzantine Empire. THis event led to parallelism of Eastern and Western World. 

Christianization began in 972 thanks to Géza. Christianization process antecedant was recognition of Prince Géza concerning meaning of Religion Christianism. He recognized the fact that Christianism resulted new, established security. THat is why he asked the arrival of new priests from Hereditaire Otto The First. Consequently Bruno The Monk of Saint Gallen has been appointed Bishop. Otto christianized Géza and members of Géza Kingdom also but Géza had followed Panagism until death. 

Vajk-István The Saint-has been christianized by Vojtech, Bishop of Prague. Géza has obliged his son to marry the Sister of Bavarian Hereditaire Henrique, Giselle. Although because of that fact due to arrival of German Knights giving the founds of Army of István The Saint The First. 

István and Heredity

King  István has had heredited the Kingdom after the death of his Father Géza in 997. THe King and Kingdom have been attacked by István brother Koppány from Somogy County.Koppány disputed legitimacy of Hungarian Kingdom and his brother István legitimacy of beeing King of Hungary. Problem was focused around familial heredity. István won over Koppány in Battle of Veszprém. THe King cut dead body. Some of Koppány body members have had been sent to Transsylvania,some other members hung on Esztergom, Győr, Veszprém Gates. István was crowned in Esztergom in Year 1000 or on 1st January of 1001. The Title King come from Charles The Great, King of Frank. The Crown for István The King has come from Pope Sylvester The Second. THe importance of Crown of Hungary is due to historical event of Independence under the Church of Rome. 

According to Theotmar Pope of Merseburg the Crown of István come from Otto. Historical fact is justified. At that time Hereditaire Otto has worked in Rome with the Pope of Rome. Although István has not become Vassal of Otto.Our Great King, István The Saint The First has had founded the existance of an Independent and Christian Hungary. He has had founded pillars of Hungarian Church System. He emitted the first laws, he emitted the first monetary system in form of silver coins. He founded the Ancient Counties of Hungary. Due to him the Archibiscopic and Bishopry of Esztergom have been founded. 

"We can learn wisdom from our Saint King"."The pillar of European Culture". These are citations of Bishop Josip Bozanic, Bishop of Zagreb who with Erdő Péter, Bishop of Esztergom County and Bishop of Hungary celebrated our Mass of 20th of August, Feast of Foundation of Hungarian State in Budapest in Szent István Square before Church of Bazilika in 2016. 

"István was the Gift of Providence in an Era of building the Nation". (Josip Bozanic in 2016). 

sources:szent istvan kiralyunk elete -625725 Uj Ember Magyarorszag Katolikus Hetilapja 2016 augusztus 28 

Geography of Hungary

After finishing the chapter on István The Saint The First, it is important to detail the geography of Hungary. Hungary is geographically positioned as a Central-European country. Hungary is positioned in Southern Part of Central-Europe, in the bordering part of East-Alps, Carpathian-Mountains, and Dinár Mountains.THe oceanic climate is decreased in this Basin. Continental climate is not yet powering. THe Adriatic Ocean is positioned 240 kilometers from the borders of Hungary. Due to that fact rivers and plants can show climatic transition. The decreased particularities of Carpathian-Basin and the central position of country are very favorable for the transport but not too favorable concerning the pollution of rivers. The geographical particularities of Hungarian Basin are the law oceanic geographical position and vertical positioning. 

The State of Hungary is Hungarian Republic. Its territories are 93036 square kilometers. It is a small country in Europe. Hungarian Territories form less than one percent of European Territories. Circa 33.000 square kilometers of Hungarian Territories  are the main territories in Carpathian-Basin. There are some bordering territories of Hungarian Republic. 

These are Alföld, Kisalföld, Alpokalja, Dunántúli-dombság, Dunántúli-középhegység which is not a bordering territory and positioned in Hungary. The five other geographical locations border the frontieers of Hungarian Republic. 

Hungarian Bordering are geographically opened and relate the country with neighboring countries. The main political meaning of European unification is the relation of Hungary and neighboring countries also. The climate of Hungary is four seasoned. Hungary is continental climated. There are no main climate differencies in Hungary because of geographical position of the country. Average temperature of Hungary is 8-11 degrees Celsius. 

source:elibkkf.hu/hungary/magyar/geography/HUN.htm 

Everyday life in Middle-Ages(part 1)

What is Middle-Age?Let us emphasize on historical definition of that Era. The main definition of Middle-Ages is the End of Roman Empire in 476. It is at that Era that Middle-Ages begun. THe end of Middle-Ages Era is the discovery of Continent of America in 1492. Middle-Age can be defined as Middle-Ages also because of the multitukde of events and historical facts overcoming the world at that period. Early stages of Middle-Ages show main differencies compared to late Middle-Ages periods. That means 5th and 6th centuries and Humanist Era of 15th century. The main social particularity of Middle-Ages have been the differentiation of people according to their origins. The main social classes have been villain and aristocrate. Villains have been dependents from landlords in their lives. 

Aristocrates have had the most of social privilegies. Although the transition between social classes existed. It was very rare. Main example of that transition in Hungary is the life of Bakócz Tamás. Bakócz Tamás was born in villain family in 1442 but 70 years  later he almost has been elected Pope and he died as one of the most influential and important Bishop of Europe and Middle-Ages. Other social classes have been classes of peasants. VIllains and peasants have worked lot, they payed almost all of their incomes to their landlords in form of taxes. Their lives had been miserable and dependent from landlords. Anyway the social situations of villains and peasants depended from country to country. Eg:Russia and Netherlands. In some countries in late Middle-Ages have developed social classes of rich peasants. Peasants and villains in Middle-Ages have been self-supporting. 

THe peasants have lived mainly in their wooden built houses according to 15th century. They worked 12-15 hours and their nutrition rarely contained or missed meat. The Middle-Ages peasants could barely support their families. 

Lands where peasants worked and economised have not been peasants properties. Their landlords owned these lands. Peasants payed heavy taxes in form of money, food and work. The money form tax has had been payed two times, springtime on Saint George Day and autumn on Saint-Michael Day. The food tax has been ten percent of food income. In Hungary this tax called Nona. The tax payable to Bishops called Decima. THe work tax has meant the free work(servitum) that peasants spent in landowner lands. This work-tax has been different according to countries. The landowner land was called Allodium. The work tax in Hungary became one day per month and one day per week at the end of Middle-Ages. Peasants payed their taxes to the King also. These taxes contained three variables. First variable was the House-tax, in Hungary the Land-tax, another was the Army-tax.(in Hungary payable once or twice per year). Another supporting tax was payable allowing to housing soldiers. Other taxes were the monthly Gift-tax payable to landlord and the Grain-production tax. The Middle-Ages peasants have payed lot of taxes and owned nothing. And detailed above Middle-Ages peasants were self-supporting. Villains have not dealt with money. Peasants used their own furnitures simply fabricated. THeir houses have had been furnished with chairs and tables. 

Chimneys are known from 11th century. Before 11th century smoke gone out on windows. Glass window come in use in 15th and 16th centuries. Before lantern windows ornamented houses according to famous roman Egri Csillagok written by Gárdonyi Géza. Peasants and villains have eaten from wooden plates and drunk their drinks from wooden goblets. Glass blow and porcelain blow plates and household products have come in Modern Age. 

In Middle-Ages peasant families lot of children were born. Average have been 6-8 children. Lot of children have died in their early ages. Grandmothers and grandfathers have lived in their children and grandchildren family. CHildren of age 14 and 15 were treated adults. Adolescents of age 17-18 have married and in age of 20 they already became parents. At the age of 40 they became grandparents. Unfortunately above years of 35 lot of people have shown signs of oldness. Their children education was neglected. Peasants children have had no clothes fitting to them, they worn their parents clothes. Their parents brought them to public torture events and they have seen lot of public and dead punishment executions. NOvices of priests and clergymen have learnt reading and writing. Villains and peasants and children have not completed even elementary school nor other education. They have been taught reading and writing by their parents. Parents have taught their children the tax-paying process. They taught the work of sewing also. Middle-Ages peasants life have been influenced by climatic conditions because of grain and food production, by landlords from who they depended and from Church. 

THe Middle-Ages Church could influence people lives and direct them. Landlord has had decision concerning tax paying and punishment of his villains. Villains had to visit Church regularly and they knew Church-Dogms. Main roles of Church were baptism, marrying and funerals. Although Middle-Ages people have had believed Church Dogms and they were afraid of God punishment. One of Church role was nursing also. The Church educated people. Documents of Middle-Ages are based on theological documents. Church animated leisure feasts and activities too. Leisure activities of Middle-Ages were related to Bible. 

Let us point out another social couche of Middle-Ages. We talk about couche of civils.They formed small part of Middle-Ages societies. Civils had not depended from landlords.They lived in Middle-Ages cities. We mean by civils the merchants, artisans, money borrowers, ship-builders.  Number of civils grown at the end of Middle-Ages in North-Italy, Flandre, England, in certain parts of France and in certain parts of Holy Roman Empire. In Eastern Europe civils formed the social minorities mainly in Russia and Poland. This fact can be highlighted in 19th century. Middle-Ages city streets have not been cleaned and city buildings were not constructed. 

Everyday life in Middle-Ages(part 2)

Walls protected these cities against noble ennemies and rubbers. As a consequence, due to lack of canalisation, epidemies killed people. City cleaning process was the garbage eating by pigs. The main population of prostitutes, beggars and rubbers filled Middle-Ages cities. Middle-Ages biggest cities were Paris and Venice with approximately 150.000 inhabitants. 

Clericals have enjoyed same privilegies as nobles. Although in reality the real life of clericals has been far of real clerical life. Anyway the monks lived their life devoted to Holy God. Clericals have been rich, they have built up their career and lived similar lives as nobles. At that times society has been strictly hierarchised. Hierarchy was evident. At the bottom of system come novices, at the higher level(mass) priests, than leaders of Cathedrales, Deans, Bishops, Archibishops and Cardinals. Bishops have had the richness and power of counts. Archibishops power has been similar to princes power. In regards of nobles, the main part of Middle-Ages was influenced by knight life. Nobles lived their lives in strong castles protected by their armies, having their own servants and craftsmen. Nobles castles have had been rounded by their lands, peasants and villages. Landlords have spent their times mainly fighting in Middle-Ages wars and in peaceful times they participated in tournaments. In case they were not hereditaires in their families nobles became rubber-knights. Nobles have been related to King and to each other by Rule of Feodalism. In case vassals ordered nobles have gone to war with their vassals. Nobles tried to increase their lands serving their kings and with favorable marriages in regard of their sons and daughters. Parents decided marriages of their children. They have decided concerning lands of both families. Nobles clothes were full of decorations, they circulated on horse back, and owned arms. Peasants dressed very simply. Peasants have had clothes of everyday wearing and another called feast-time clothe.In Middle-Ages societies dressing decided the personal social appareance. There has been huge differencies in regard of quality and form of clothes. 

Peasants have had no horses of their own. They formed the pedestrians of those times. THose peasants having draught horse or bullock were considered rich farmers. Nobles organized big parties for each others. Main leisure activities of Middle-Ages Era have been hunting, knight-tournaments and parties. Peasant leisure activities were participating in festivities, festivals, church-festivals, in public executions, and harvest festivals. Festivals locations were King Centers in Middle-Ages. Kings have had appeared in these centers several times a year and participated in organized festivities. In these parties intrigues come in frequently. Middle-Ages Era has been an interesting period in regard of present days. Let us study Middle-Ages!

source:harmat arpad peter:life in middle ages history blog 

tortenelemtanulas.blog.hu/2014/06/17igy_elt_a_kozepkor_embere 

Knights and knightly orders(Part 1)

Knights have been main participants of Middle-Ages. Let us detail knights and knightly orders. Knights have been members of warriors of European Continent. Their Code was called the Code of Law "Chivalry". Other Indo-European Languages call knights Chevalier(French), Ritter(German language). These denominations suggest the mode of transport. Since Antique Times horses have meant nobility. Prestige was given to Antique Warriors. 

source:hungarianheraldry.org/allied-groups

Kings of Middle-Ages were unable to pay knights services. They payed them donating them fiefs. Middle-Ages knights have become kings  vassals. THe incomes coming from the knights fiefs have had supported costs of their horses and equipements. 

THe basic institutions of law and rules have come from that fact that landlords have been guarded by mercenaires. Mercenaires have had unique power in landlords lands. Anyway strong Middle-Ages institutions have been supported by landlords and their lands because of weekness of central power. Vassals obligation was military service. 

Kings and landlords had powerful armies that way. The base of these armies were formed by horse fighting warrior landlords. In late Middle-Ages in Western Europe. These horse fighting warriors have been known as military knights. Later on chivalriousness developed. Chivalriousness meant a form of conducting.It was a form of conducting between the same social couches not for peasants and commons. Respect and honour obliged nobles and landlords conduct in peaceful times and in wars also. 

Knights having their fiefs have had got power in Middle-Ages societies. Aristocracy and noblety based themselves on knights heroic facts in wars. Later on it changed and heritance weighed. Military facts have counted less.In the beginning of Middle-Ages Era beeing knight meant the horse warrior fighting. After that beginning era knights outreached compared to civil and church couches of Middle-Ages society. Their equipement, meaning powerful horses, brilliant armours, and their arms, causing winning and giving death to their ennemies, become symbols of Middle-Ages. 

Since the 12th century beeing knight became knight-life a form of living and with their own rules established. 

THese rules follow:

-helping women and unprotected people 

-fighting against unjustice and villains 

-patriotism 

-defending Church 

In real life knights life has not been so romantic. Knights not respected and followed these rules depending on their behalf. In some cases when knights behalf wanted conflicts have started betweeen nobles or fighting to acquire lands. Eg:Conflict between Nagy Károly(Charles The Great) grandsons. Middle-Ages Era has had been full of conflicts, causing difficulties to poor, peasant and agricultural worker populations. 

Late Middle-Ages Era has had given to the world Orders of Knighthood. These associations have been founded by kings. Orders of knighthood had been composed of best knights, giving oath to each other and to king. Entering an order of knighthood meant great respect and the newly entered knight has become very known of the actual kingdom. SOme of these orders are existing ones until present days. 

The Main Order founded was the Order of Golden Silk founded by Philipp of Burgundia(Philipp The Good) which he founded in 1430. THis was the richest Order in Middle-Ages Europe. THe Order Saint-Michael (Szent Mihály Rend) aim was to order nobilities of the country. Order Saint-Michael has been founded by Louis The Eleventh. Aim of banishing Sarecers from Spain was the main goal of ORdeers of Alcantara, Calavatria and Santiago. 

How anyone could become knight?Children of 7-8 years old of age begun their knight careers as pages. Landlords domestic women elevated pages and they learnt to handle arms and equitation. At the age of 14 they have become users of arms and their training continued by a knight trainer instructions. In their training periods pages were obliged to serve their trainer knight. Pages of trainees have had obligatory tasks. Main tasks were cleaning of armours, and arms, clothing of their trainer knight, survel knight and knight guard also. Trainee has had to serve his Master the trainer knight.

 Main service meant to serve him in knight tournaments and in wars and fightings. Pages had for task to bring knight horse for change, or treat wounds of knight. Another task was to help escape his Master Knight from fightings and wars. Trainee has had to secure the funeral of his Master in case of death in fightings. When trainees fought in wars and fightings, ex-trainees escaped from fightings with pages and trainees. 

The warriors(ex-trainees) have searched fighting with ennemies of same or higher rank. Although users of arms, trainees got power and heroism fighting down knights of armies and ennemies. Trainees have learnt reading, they have not been able writing. 

Knights and knightly orders(Part 2)

THey known dancing, singing and have had musical knowledge to a certain level. Trainees became knights from the age of 21. 

Knights of higher rank have had initiated trainees to become knights. The main ceremony was simple. The person waiting for initiation was striked with a flat of a sword. After this procedure he got his swordbelt.In late Middle-Ages Church initiated knights also. Trainees waiting for initiation procedure had taken their bath, cut their hair, and prayed all night. Next morning they got symbols of knight, sword and spur. 

Becoming knight was an opened way to riches of Middle-Ages. Conditions were having fief or fiefs or having decent income. Bishops and landlords supported knights and knight-trainees were initiated knights by these persons. Main part of knight-life was knight tournament. These tournaments meant a sort of sport between knights. This activity began in 10th century. Bishop Ince The Second, Council of Literan resisted to their activity because lot of blessings and death have happened during these events. Although knight-tournaments flourished and made organic part of Middle-Ages eras.When introduced knight-tournaments were simple but time passed they have become more sophisticated. Knight tournaments penetrated as important social events, resulting the arrival of lords and landlords from foreign countries. Knight-tournaments fights happened in special fighting spaces. Viewers and guests were placed on tribunes. Fighters were placed in pavillions.  Fights were composed of singular fights and team fights. Time passed, the "lance breaking"meaning pushing the adversaire to the ground became the main spectacle.Knight -tournaments have had been organized for prizes. Honour and glory, fanship and love of women meant importance for knights. To gain honour, glory and love of women, knights(fighters) were ready to die.Dead cases horrified Pope and landlords from the 13th century. An example is the death case of 60 fighters in Cologne Tournament in 1240.Church forced knights to fight in cruisades not in tournaments. Pression was so daunting that rules of tournaments changed. Although changes occured death cases happened later on, too. The fight declaration meant friendly fighting but in case of hatress fighters killed each other. Losers could be captured and liberated in change of payment. Payment meant armours, horses and arms. 

Tournaments results have been documented and published by herolds. Knights originating from lower social couches could earn higher incomes from their tournament prizes. Women loved them also. Military orders also existed in Middle-Ages. The first one of these Associations was The Order of Charisters. Order of Charisters has been founded in 1118 to protect Saint Sir and Pilgrims. THeir symbol was The White Cross and they pledged for poverty, virginity and loyalty. Knights of Order of Charisters have been the bravest knights at their Era. They fought in cruisades. 

Source:gombos zsolt: a kozepkor lovagjai(knights of middle ages) 

lovagrend.uw.hu/konyvtar/lovagsag.html

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(part 1)

Next chapter highlights History of Arms of Ancestors and Arm History of Early Hungary. 

Military and arm history researches were always in center of interest from the part of researchers and from public part. These researches are valuable to Hungarians of 9th and 10th centuries also. Example is the fight of Conquest of Hungarian Territories. Arms of Early Hungarians of 9th and 10th centuries have been bow and axe. These two arms were disponible to civils also. People owned horse and horse kits. Let us point out the military organization and tactics of Hungarian Conquestors. Judgement of Hungarian Conquestors is very negative in foreign because of lot of devastations. Fact of identifying Early Hungarians as Huns caused lot of minsunderstandings also. Chronicles of Germany from the 12th century given choice between Huns and Hungarians. Some researchers pointed out that contemporary scientists of Italy and Belgium confused destroys of Huns and Hungarians. They confused Huns and Hungarians with Vikings and Saracenes and thought that some destroys have had been caused by Early Hungarians. 

source:Book Honfoglalók Fegyverben(Conquestors in Arms) edited by Publishing House Helikon(Helikon Kiadó) Budapest 

Hungarian Conquest cannot be compared to Arabic Conquests in between 732 and 735. THey are not comparable to adventures of Early Normann Populations either. These adventures finished by settling down and establishing states. Another aspects of Arab and Norman adventures have been invasion of territories. Important part is the historical image of conquests in Western historical science in the 19th century.Main adventures were the adventures led by German people because of elevated numbers of these conquests. Modern historical researches point out War of Loch supported by Ceremony of Bishop of Augsburg Ulrich. German historical researches question some facts. These are the historical identity of Eastern-Frank People, Foundation of Holy Roman- Empire in 962, Crowning of Otto The First. The expression "War of Loch"coming from 19th century.The topic War of Loch was very popular between 1900-1918 because of popularity of military history. Festivities were held in Königsbrunn to the Memorial of 900th Anniversary of War of Loch in 1855.The Church of Memory remembering to Victory of War of Loch was built three years since the 900th Anniversary of that War. War of Loch is related in history to the historical return of Ostmark. It was main until the Second World War and National Socialism.

In our times, full of migration, pandemia, terrorism and war, very important historical data and reference is the Year 1955. West-Germany has had declared that year The Memory of Saint Ulrich.Chancelor Konrad Adenauer told in his Memorial Speech that values of Western-Europe and Christianism are main values. These values are endangered in 21st century by islamic terroirsm, by Modern European Union(soros empire), by COVID-19 Pandemia, by socialist-liberal-communist politicans of Hungary, by War between Ukraine and Russia, and illegal immigrants towards Europe.Hungarian Prime Minister Orbán Viktor defends Christian and moral  values of Europe and of the World with colleagues of central-right-wing, Matteo Salvini for example. West-German Adenauer thought that Pagan wars and Cold War had parallelisms. 

Adenauer told that 20th century Bolsevism has been identic to Pagan movements. Referring to source works, this point of view terminated by Hungarian Revolution of 1956. According to Hungarian Historical Memory Judgements Hungarian Conquests had been positive events.However spiritual and other sensitivities blew up these historical and scientific results. According to destroying impacts of Hungarian Adventures and Conquests, Western horrification identified these adventures as some "divine judgement". Barbarism of Early Hungarian Conquestors is highlighted in works of 18th century historian August Ludwig Schlozer of Göttinga. However Hungarian historian Virág Benedek tells the opposite in his scientific works. In years 1800 succesful wars supported and brightened heroism of conquests of Ancestors. Term "adventures" was implemented in 1842 by Horváth Mihály and in 1869 by Szabó Károly. Foreign languages translate the word "kalandozás"robbery conquest. 

At the end of 19th century the point of view on Hungarian Ancestors became more pointed and critical, thanks to Pauler Gyula and Marcali Henrik.

In 1945, 1955 and 1968 Bogyai Tamás and Vajai Szabolcs historians of Socialist Era changed historical aspect in regard of Hungarian Ancestors. The image of Early Hungarians became more sophisticated in these works. Anyway the image concerning historical aspect is more pointed and critical. Historians of Slavonic countries and Roumania point on barbarism of Early Hungarian Conquestors. Important work is coming from Hermann Meynert, Austrian historian, edited in 1876. The content of his book is ancient military affairs in Hungary. Meynert recognized military virtue of Hungarian Ancestors. It was the result of Conciliation between Austria and Hungary in 1867. Meynert also recognized tactics in Hungary. Salamon Ferenc gave an answer to Meynert. He saw Ancestors arms and tactics from a creative point of view. Source work of Salamon Ferenc was THE Work of Taktika written by Leo The Wise. (Tactics by Leo The Wise). Main oppinions, basic conclusions come from that work. Salamon work was creative and highly recognized by very prestigious Ipolyi Arnold in 1879. 

The military conquests of Hungarian Ancestors have been an art and virtue which will never pass and which is part of Hungarian Memory. The Hungarian horse fighting army corpses of 19th century have continued military costumes of horse fighting ancestors. Researchers registered military facts of that century. Gyomlay Gyula questioned earlier historical facts. Gyomlay Gyula searched contexts of Taktika. He was a researcher of Work of Sztrategikon also written by Byzantine Emperor Maurikiosz. That way Gyomlay questioned scientific facts of  Hungarian military history of years 1870 and 1900. Anyway prestigious Darkó Jenő strenghtened the vision of Leo The Wise(Bölcs Leó) written in Tactics(Taktika). Darkó tried to prove verifiing facts of Tactics in his academic speech of 1914. His scientific oppinion passed. Darkó researches were based on more archeological findings. THe word "páncél" (armour) was translated again. Archeologists not found armours in tombs. Consequently the word "páncél" (armour) was translated "vért"(armour, cuirasse). Another translation was "testhez simuló bőrvért"(smooth leader cuirass). THese historical translations influenced researches of Moravcsik Gyula who wrote the new historical translation.

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 2)

Military wear of a Hungarian soldier in 10th century sources and historical findings describe only the arms and belts in detail of Hungarian fighters. 

THere are no historical sources of military clothes of our Ancestors. Historians do not know differencies between military wearing and everyday clothes and wearing of  funerals. Archeologists not found rests of armours in discovered ancient graves. Early sketches and drawings show Hungarian fighters in latticed corps -wear. THis wearing could be originated from Byzantines. THese may be leather in cuirasses in textile. Later descriptions highlight wearings protecting armours and wear in several couches made from leather materials. Wearing above has been the wearing of Ancient Hungarian archers also. Let us point the helmet of Ancient Hungarian Conquestors. These were leather material helmets, covering crane and ears. Western historical descriptions describe the leather helmet of fighters. 

Next important topic is the Topic on Sources of Fighting Tactics of Ancient Hungarians by Leo The Wise and Regino.THere are two ancient sources concerning appearance of Ancient Hungarians.THese sources detail the fighting of our Ancestors. Authors of these sources are Leo THe Wise Emperor Byzantine (886-912) and Regino Abbey of Prüm. These descriptions have had been written based on old or elder sources. The old sources content have been some Eastern populations descriptions.The Leo The Wise Description is a copy of Sztrategikon. Sztrategikon is the Source Work of Maurikiosz describing Avars and Türks. 

Texts of Leo The Wise(Bölcs Leó) and Regino Abbey of Prüm given doubt amongst searches. The oppinion leader concerning results was Moravcsik Gyula declaring his scientific oppinion in 1951. Leo The Wise and Regino thought and believed that Türks and Hungarians have had been identic. Two armements shown lot of similarities. Pointing out Western Türks written and pictured sources  support the descriptions of Sztrategikon concerning their armement. Main arms were bow and lance. THere are no contradictions in Avar researches, based on Byzantine and other resources. Ancient Bulgar researches are paralleled with Hungarian research results.According to newest research results archeologists found twenty- four relics of armours in thirteen graves. There is a helmet also between these relics.Main arms are identic ones and they show similar forms of stilistic.These stilistics are identic ones to relics found in Carpathian Basin.

The description of Regino Abbey of Prüm about the warrior techniques of Ancient Hungarian Conquestors is the same of the Part of Exodia Scithica, Work of Justinus written in 7th century. Exodia Scithica is based on Description of Historical Writer Pompeius Trogus of Ancient Roman Empire.Main facts are that Pompeius Trogus and Justinus have written about Parthousians in 7th century. Regino Abbey of Prüm thought to identify Ancient Hungarians and Parthousians in 10th century. He supposed that warrior costums or techniques of Hungarians and Parthousians have had been identic. Difference between the two historical descriptions can be pointed in horse fighting soldiers armory detailing texts. Difference can be pointed in Justinus Text but not in Regino Text. Regino not described armours of Scythians nor golden helmets. Another Historical Document found is the Document of Anonymus describing Scythians the Ancestors of Ancient Hungarians. Anonymus detailed vanities of Early Hungarians. They were hard fighters. THey were the best archers of the world, they worn helmets. They have been quick and very good horse riders. 

Historians agree that armory and warrior techniques of some ancient populations have been identic to Ancient Hungarians. Very important facts are the historical parallelisms of fighting populations and steppes. In wars of steppes in early times life of fighters and staying alive had been crucial.War ethic weighed a bit. Soldiers evited face to face battles. Although weakness of armory influenced them also. Steppic wars, the goals of these wars and ways of steppic wars have had not fitted Western European norms. Leaders of Early Middle-Ages wars have been idealized. 

Citations of Nurhacsi Founder of Empire of Mandzsa ."In peaceful times honor is the most important value although in war ruses tactics causing not suffrance nor misery or destitution to soldiers". Based on historical resources the main destitutions telling that soldiers of steppes have been horse fighters and not ground fighters are incorrect and mislead historians and researcher.s. In Nomad wars of 9th century, the main arm has been the bow.

Although in face to face fightings axe, sabre, sword came in. These arms had fit to horse back fighting. Shields of Nomads were small and protected well early Nomad soldiers in fightings. Differencies were established concerning poor and rich stepping populations.Main judgements weighed as access of raw materials of their arms, access of their arms of good quality, access of techniques of war. 

We know also similarities. Such similiraties were horse riding style, complexity of bow creation and stirrup use. THese similarities have also come in steppic zones. Similarity of these materials resulted the fact which Hungarian Orientalist, U.Kőhalmi Katalin denoted:"According to Conquestors arms and horse armory they cannot denote ethnic relations or closer relations". In later centuries Mongol fighters of Army of Dsinghis Khan have been popular. Dsinghis Khan and his Army had unified one of the most important Empire in 13th century. Contemporary historical science highlights armory of Mongol warriors, reasons of their conquests and failures which final denotes for historians. Western ennemies of Hungarians were Bavarians or Saxons. Another was the Italian Empire. Skillful Hungarian fighters could deceit their ennemies. 

Hungarian warrior tactics have had been unknown to ennemis. Surprising historical facts are the armories of Karoling or Post-Karoling Armies. These armes are hurl-pikes and bows. Another surprising fact was the ground based particularity. Another supported arms were shields, lances  and swords. Popularity of Karoling Armies have had spreaded in Scandinavien countries and in Byzantine Empire. They have also been known in England and in Duchesse of Saxon, even in 11 th century. The horse riding army of Arab countries originated from 8th century was the beginning of changes of war history of Early Middle-Ages Era. These changes resulted the growing number of horse back armies of Frank Nation. Beginning of Feodalism influenced historical facts. According to Saxons Hungarian pressure had main influence. 

Reforms of King Madarász Henrik(Henry Madarász) 919-936, resulted some reformations of Army of Saxons, and changes to horse fighing army. In Western armies not only the shields had main influence but horse fighting techniques also. Such an example is Case of Merseburg in 933. Horse back armies of Saxons had very fine and precise bow equipement. 

Exceptional historical event was The War Tournament or Knight Tournament of Verdun in 842. In presence of Kings of Karolings fighters and knights practiced complicated horse back or horse riding manoeuvres. Basing to Hungarian historical researches these manoeuvres were unknown to Western Europe war practices. Let us cite Regino words:"Hungarian war tactics are more dangerous, they are more unknown to other populations".The main difference between Hungarian and Brit war tactics have had been use of bow and hurl-pike in war history. Brit mean Bretons. Another notable event was The War of Juvandeili in 851. In this War Hungarian Armies have had broken down and won Kopasz Károly resistance(Charles The Bold) King of Frank Army. 

Let us detail topic of Western Horse Armory in 9th and 10th century. The armour equipped Western European horse armory has been the best arm of Frank States.  

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 3)

This armory was very costly but important because of threats and wars of Normans. Hungarians, Arabs, Western equipement, meaning horse, lance, sword, shield, warrior knife, casquet, wire-rope, have had been equal to the price of 40 cattles.  Main and most valuable details of this equipement were horse and lance. Casquet and sword have had been also valuable. Knights not existed at that period. Historical resources name them as "milles"(soldiers) or "loricatus"(armoured). In Western Europe they were symbols of the real soldiers. Armoured armies have been created by rich civils and church-men.Armoured armies were accorded to incomes and land of riches. 

Western fighters with their horses had shown real strength at that period. German historians re-evaluated Henry Madarász reforms. Horse fighting warriors existed in the first part of 10th century at Saxons. In Frank Armies there have been horse fighting soldiers in 9th century already. Reforms of Henry Madarász changed track and fields horse fighters to heavy horse fighters. Heavy horse fighters shown great tactical capability in wars. THey counted 50-100 fighting individuals. Heavy weight armory has had its real value and was rare. Heavy weight horse armory was "lighter" than the later armies of European Continent. German warriors in territories of Middle-Ages Germany have had fought stepping down from their horses. Successes of Ancestors in Middle-Ages wars cannot only be defined because of positive elements. Main reasons of successes were also right logistic considerations. Other considerations were skillful movements, right tactics etc. 11th and 12th centuries have brought warrior successes of Holy Roman Empire. Emperors of Holy Roman Empire demonstrated their armies of 3.000 horse fighters and ground based fighters. THese Holy Roman Armies have had been the most competitive armies in Central European Region.These armies come from before the reignance of Otto of Saxon Empire(962). Era of main armies  have had been broken down. The problem raised and was crucial due to reason of Hungarian Ancestors. THey have come and had disappeared. 

In Karoling Era military service obligation was strictly regulated. Anyway Karoling military service and army recruited soldiers were useless against skillful Hungarian Ancestors. THat way defending tasks should have been completed by skillful, professional soldiers. In case Hungarian ennemi should fight against Karoling soldiers in Middle-Ages castles and cities, some regions should have been udefended. War tactics of Ancient Hungarian Armies was the fact of avoiding battles against regional armies. In Byzantine Territories of 9th and 10th centuries Kleiszura Armies have completed defending tasks. Kleiszura Armies were horse and ground based armies.Next step was recruitement of Themas. Themas have had been soldiers of Byzantine Territories. Tagmata the main Emperor Army managed serious wars.  Heavily armed Tagmata composed Byzantine Emperor Army and Guard. Within Tagmata Middle-Ages historians discerne for example "athamatoi(legendary) heavily armoured horse fighting army also. Their armours have been the best of their times but equipement costed heavily. 

Byzantine Army counted several soldiers of several countries. These Nations have been Grece, Armenia, Slavonic countries, Georgia and Christianized Arabs. Emperors guards also counted Russin, Scandinavian, Khazarian, Turkish and Hungarian mercenaires. Byzantine Army missed some knowledge of war engineering. These knowledges were fighting techniques, application of hurl-machines, firework construction of castles and castle-fields. Byzantine Capital had such a defense by its castles. Fleet of Byzantine has been decent of Late Roman Empire. Byzantine Fleet was strong and alarming because of use of red firework. Logistic support has been an important fact of Byzantine Army. 

Such an important logistic aid helped the support of arms of fighting units. Byzantine Army has had important medical and healthcare background. Let us highlight the importance of Early Byzantine Manuals, the basic sources of of Early Middle-Ages War History. Early Byzantine Manuals have been written in 9th and 10th centuries by Byzantine Emperors to their main descents or hereditaires and top soldiers of Byzantine Military Leaders. Byzantine Manuals contained military experiences and the summarizing of Byzantine Emperors. THese books (main historical sources) detail the Early Middle-Ages Byzantine Army, the new military skills necessary taken from ennemis. Ennemis were Franks, Slavs, and Hungarian denominated Türks at that historical period.At the same occasion Byzantine Manuals detailed tactics and skills of Byzantine Ennemis, too. History and military history denotes Hungarian mercenaires within Byzantine Army. At that Era of Dynasty of Makedons 84 Turks have been mercenaires in Emperor Army. That fact was denoted in source works coming from that Era from Constantinople. When Konstantin THe Seventh governed Byzantine Empire at that period the source work composed "Ceremonies of Byzantine Empire"counts that historical fact.THese 84 Hungarian soldiers were the fighters sent to Italy. At that Historical Period Emperor Lakapenos had governed Byzantine Empire. In Period of Leo The Wise, Master Philoteos Master of Military and Sword Ceremonies of Emperor also counted 84 Türk soldiers. Historians and researchers do not agree concerning the fact that these mercenaires were detented or voluntary soldiers. Another source is Psalm Khludov Part of Collection of Historical Museum Moscow.  It is that Psalm figuring a Hungarian mercenaire in Byzantine Army. Psalm Khludov originates from 9th century from the capital. One of the paintings figure out a soldier with his sabre. This source can be compared to the 10th century Archeological Remains from Hungary and to Ancient East European Remains. Hungarian mercenaires have done their military services in Guard of Emperor Byzantine hetareia. There have been two units of this Guard where Hungarians served. These Hungarians have served their military service with Steppic Türks and Khazarian Soldiers. Source of these facts has been Harun Ibn Jahja Geographer Arab. He has seen Türk and Khazarien Guards in Emperor Palace and in military ceremonies. They worn brestplate, both of them, according to Jahja. BIshop Lieutprand recited about fighters recruited to Emperor Guard. These were Hungarians captivated. They have had been nicely clothed. All of this happened in 968. THe colour of coat of soldiers of hetareia was white, but descriptions recite the discernement between red,blue, white and green. According to numbers of Conquestors Armies there are no reliable sources.The number of horse fighting Hungarians have been circa 20.000 based on resources of Djahi from Buhara  from 9th century. This source is a copy translated by Ibn Ruszta and Gardizi and it has been copied. As it had been counted at that Era, this number agreed to steppic numerical system of ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand. In Hungarian Language it meant "tömény"(concentrated). In modern Hungarian language the word "teméntelen" and "töménytelen"(innumerable, countless) come from that steppic period. 

The 20.000 seems huge compared to Muslim sources of Steppic Era. Hungary has been "serious Steppic Empire".As Purpleborned Constantin(Bíborbanszületett Konstantin) recited, Hungarian Conquestors defended their external frontieers unified.  Sign of ordering general recruitement was the fact of bringing the famous bloody sword around the country. THis ceremony occurred when danger increased.  Sword was replaced sometimes by bloody arrow.

Hungarian Ancestors have known numerical system. Their organization of units have had been organized by the numerical system of ten. The word "töménytelen" is the proof of historical fact. Real sources of this numerical organization of units come from Era of Counties of Hungarian Kingdoms. In regions where units have been organized such a way the military service regulations have had been organized that way also. According to Description of Bishop Otto of Freisingen(Freisingi Ottó Püspök) in 12th century villains have had sent their eith or tenth comrades to war when they were seven or nine. In War of Italy in 899 less Hungarian fighters fighted. According to King Berengár only 5.000 Hungarian soldiers participated. THis number seemed huge compared to average number of 3.500 sent to wars. Ancient datas prove the fact that basic corps of Byzantine Army counted 3-500 fighting soldiers or the number of German Mercenaires have counted this number of soldiers of War of Lerch-Field. According to Pauler Gyula, researcher of Middle-Ages, the Unit of Hungarian County Bataillon has counted 300-400 soldiers. Consequence is that Ancient Hungarian Units were small ones. In 960 when Emperor Byzantine captured a conquesting fighting unit of Hungary in Region of Balkan, they counted only 40 persons. 

Next topic is the topic about the horses of Hungarian Ancestors. "They circulate on horse back, they think on horse back, they stand and discuss on horse back"(Regino Bishop of Prüm).Main horse of Hungarian Ancestors was the type Tarpán originating from Western steppes.These horses have not been tall, they had short legs. 

 History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 4)

THey have been accomodated to cold circumstances. Thus they could have run longer distances. Hungarian Ancestors have had been accompanied by lot of own horses. THey were saddled and pack horses. 

Stories of Saint-Gallen Ekkerhard have been originated in 10th century. "Hungarian Army has not conquested in mass". THis citation poses the question of war manoeuvres on Hungarian Conquestors. THere are no or less sources on questions for contemporary researchers.Exception is one source work from al-Maszúdi. This is Golden Fields from al-Maszúdi, which work is generally recognized amongst researchers.In this al-Maszúdi work topic is the Ancient Hungarian War Tactics in 10th century. According to al-Maszúdi the populations living in North compared to territories from the Black Sea there are citations of four of these populations.  Türks in which al-Maszúdi comprised Ancient Hungarians of Carpathian Basin who also have fought against Byzantine Empire. All of these events happened in 932 and Romanosz Lakapénosz The First sent this huge army, the Byzantine Army against them. This Army counted Christianized Arabs also. Romanosz Lakapénosz The First reigned between 920-944. Geographer Arab al-Maszúdi described this War as face-to-face War. Hungarian horse archers have had shown skills in war tactics and manoeuvres. 

al-Maszúdi descriptions are the same as Anonymus Byzantinos descriptions or advices from 9th century concerning fightings against horseback soldiers. According to Anonymus Byzantinos in his War Tactics Descriptions, he thought that the center of the army have been the heavy armoured units of archers and ground based soldiers. Anonymus Byzantinos described in the beginning of wars a smaller horse back unit must begin the war. As an answer Byzantine Army must run aside. After that manoeuvre the ennemi arrowing them. 

Byzantinos has also detailed his descriptions. Arrowing of Byzantinos Ennemi comes from ground based Hungarian Army Units. First raws arrow legs of horses. Back raws arrowing to the sky. This way falling arrows hurt the ennemy. At that statement of fightings Byzantine soldiers take their lances and attack the horseback soldiers of the ennemi.Descriptions of Sztrategikon from the beginning of 7th century contain manoeuvres of horse riding of Byzantine Army. THese manoeuvres have had been taken or can be related to steppic populations .One of these tactics are the "Manoeuvre of Alán". 

Byzantine Army has taken the defensor(defending) and cursor(attacking) system and the division and the division of horseback army units from Aláns. 

According to Manoeuvres of Alán defensor units take their places in one raw.THus cursor units have large and distant places. THese defensor and cursor units have been bow equipped in Byzantine Army.  Cursors retired to these large and distant places after first attack. After that they begun their attacks with defensors. Another solution was to make a round in their defensive places and attack the units of their ennemy in these distant places.THis method is called The Petscheneg-Hungarian Method. Petscheneg-Hungarian Method can be hardly reconstructed based on early historical sources. Main tactics have been repeated, attacks of bow units of Army and the vacillation of ennemy. al-Maszúdi known the fights against Byzantine Army from Muslim commercants negotiating between fighting units.Concerning wars of Asiatic steppic regions there are vast sources for contemporary researchers. 

Muslim Califs who spreaded their power in 7th century after conquesting Persia have fighted against Türks. Türks in question populated Central-Asia until Türks have not taken Islamic Region.  Carahanid State was The State of Islamic Populations of Turkish Language. Carahanid editor Mahmúd Kashgan edited The Book of Turkish Language in 11th century. The original title of Book of Turkish Language is Divánu lugáti t'-turk.

THe Book of Turkish Language recites the manoeuvres of Army of Carahid. Main manoeuvre was Simulated Retiring(Ülker Cserig). Another manoeuvre was "bögürle". Bögürle aim was the attack of ennemy behind their units. 11th century Science Giving Happiness(Kutadgu Billig) the Book edited by Hadzsib Balaszagúni describes the main character of the ideal General. The Book remain to the Epic Winning of War of Brenta in 899. Concerning lances of Hungarian Conquestors  Kovács László(Leslie Kovacs) had resumed citations. In Latin Sources hurl-lance can be translated as Spiculum. Spiculum has been one of the main arms in Ancient Hungarian Armory. However it is difficult paralleling archeological rests and research datas. Bölcs Leó(Leo The Wise) has written these words:"Most of them have two types of arms. They bring wooden on their shoulders, they bring bows in their hands. When need is they use one or the other". 

Basing on written and painted sources of early era lance has been widely used. Furúszijjá the horse based martial art coming from Muslims has widespreaded also amongst Hungarians. Its traditions go back to the racines of 9th century. These martial techniques and fighting manoeuvres have had been acquired mainly by professional fighters. 

Interesting are the rests of rocks of Firúzabád. THese pictures show lance fightings and wrestling. These facts emphasize and give interest to the Branch of Middle-Ages certificate researches in Hungarian Historical Science. These Middle-Ages Documents are prooves for the use of lances in early war history from one part. From another part they are evidencies of heroic epics of steppic period. In case of lance fightings of Prince Béla with Valiant of Pomeran and fightings of Opos with Valiant Peter gives doubt that ancient steppic epics have been translated knight stories using Latin words. 

Hereby let us detail the Rule of Archery in fightings. Power and arrowing distance in Hungary home country of Reconstructed Horse Archery. Mameluk Archery Techniques have been unknown for a long time. These are techniques coming from Ancient Egypt. These teaching methods are the bases of reconstruction of arrow fightings.Mameluks having Cumanian and Circassian origins. THese Slavonic soldiers brought from steppic regions have had been the best soldiers from 13th to 16th centuries.  Mameluk soldiers stopped Mongols and they swapped away rest of crusaders from Holy Land.In case a Mameluk soldier has been trained in equitation and archery, he gained selection to the Honour of Master of Archery.He was member of Majdán. 

Tajbuga Master of Archery Mameluk from 14th century has written his source work concerning archery. His work details archery techniques.  Historians know that ground based fighters, archers must shoot their third arrow to target their first one of 70 meters. It means barely one and half seconds. Tajbuga not detailed the power of bows.Farsi fighters of 6th and 7th centuries had arrowed quickly but had stronger bows.Arab fighters have had strong and powerful bows also. Farsi and Arab bows were useful for shorter distance shooting and having heavy arrows. Heavy bows caused heavy damages. Another types of Mameluk bows were arrows which were short and light ones and long distance arrows (Tajbuga written sources).  Shooting distance of these light and long distance arrows were more than 360 meters long. These arrows have been powerful and made damages in ennemy horse fighters. 

The topic of shooting distance and powerful shooting distance is an important topic of research amongst historians. They can hardly renovate these ancient facts of war history. Serious problem amongst historians is the value of damaging of an arrow for the ancient ennemies. Even if an arrow could hurt the shields of ennemy, it could not hurt ennemies. The top of distance shooting in Early Middle-Ages was 500 meters. Winner was Jiszüngge a fighter in Dsinghis Khan Army. His record was 335 ald, 502 meters.He has reached this record on competition organized after the Battle against Shah of Havárem. Date was 4th century after Christ. According to British Historical Researches in this topic, in battles the distance has been much shorter. Less than half of these shooting results. Battle shooting distance has been in average 180 230 meters. 

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 5)

According to researches coming from Byzantien sources the top shooting result has been more than 300 meters. From famous Farci poet Omar Khajjim it is known that bows in this period have been different. THe use of bows of 135 centimeters was widespread. Anyways bows of 90 centimeters have been also in use with large bows in turn of 11th and 12th centuries.  Smaller bows of 72 centimeters have had been in use also. Based on researches coming from Ancient Mameluk book sources, ancient horse archery practices are known also. Beginners practiced in a ground of 250 meters. Advanced horse archers have had a ground of 250 meters. Famous war element was the nomad horse back "Shoot Parthus"which means arrowing backwards. Shoot Parthus goes back to Antiquity. Arrowing backwards meant that horse archers could have destroy their retiring their retiring ennemis when they have had retired. THis arrowing could change the final result of wars and battles. This technique shocked and surprised ennemi.Chronicles and picturesque descriptions described this war technique for longtime. All these attacks have been meticulously prepared. Nomad fighters jumped their horses in gallop in first quarter. In second quarter they have prepared shooting with their bows and arrows. In third quarter they shot. Trained fighters have had advantages in fighting. They could arrow several times in the same quarters. They shot the same number from closer distance than novices. When target points were close they shot ten arrows from one another. Best soldiers shot one arrow to left and one to right in less than 20 meters distance. Anyway the economy with arrows was very important. Number of arrows depended on financial situation of fighter. At the beginning of years 800 in Karoling Empire poorest soldiers(citizens) have had only 20 arrows at disposition.Central supply helped fighters and armies. Based on Sztrategikon it is known that Byzantine Army had central supply and so more than one hundred thousand "Arrows of Empire". Anyway soldiers in general had 30-40 arrows with them. 

Probably archers knowledge was different in Early Middle-Ages army. Special archer knowledge has been taught in King Army.King's Mameluks acquired this special knowledge of archery of war. In Army of Empire of Manchuria soldiers of archery have had been trained in heavy competitions.Qualifiying their competition results they have been classified. 

Next topic of this Guide is the topic of Hungarian Conquestors and archery. In Hungarian Conquestors Armies the complicated reflexed bows have had main role. Ancient Hungarians appear only in some sources as horse back fighters (Regino and al-Maszúdi Descriptions).Researchers identify Ancient Hungarians as horse archers without heavy weight armory. Cause of this classification is that there are few sources based on other elements. Eg:ground based fighting. It is wrong to suppose that Hungarian bows have had been longer distanced than Western ennemis bows mainly Byzantine Army bows. Researchers know today the fact that unknown Hungarian war tactics described in sources were known in neighboring countries and in Europe. Hungarian Conquestors winnings and heroic facts of Early 10th century can be described on Kumanian, Mameluk, Mongol historical descriptions. Archery knowledge has come from the beginnings. Beginnings mean continous practice from early childhood. Anyway one must separate soldiers in the army practicing archery and everyday herdsmen practicing horse archery. Disciplins and order have had influenced everyday life of both of them.Practice and everyday knowledge have had main importance. THe non professional herdsmen could not replace or compliment mercenaires in wars and battles concerning fights and military tasks. Mercenaires were very popular and researched in Hungary in 10th century.  THey have had been highly positioned in Early Middle-Ages Hungarian Society. Their pecuniar situation was very good. Their military knowledge was perfect also. Hungarian soldiers or fighters were good at changing arms and several fighting styles too. SOmetimes they fought in wars as horse archers and ground fighters. Hungarians used their highly developed systematic armory. They have taken these arms always with them. THis armory have had been invented for long time through early centuries. Early Hungarian archery practices and tactics were detailed in Mameluk War History Books of 14th century. There are no datas concerning arrows held in hands. László Gyula described soldiers holding their arrows in right hand, holding the arrow and bow together.The linguistic description of Hungarian word archery is very important. THe Hungarian word íj(bow) has been denoted in 1372.  THe word has Finno-Ugric parallels but the origins of this word are uncertain. The origin of word íj is not related to languages, connected to Hungarian population. THe origin of Hungarian word nyíl comes from Finno-Ugric languages. 

Let us detail the forms of ancient bow tightening methods. Through history there have been several forms of tightening bows. Bow tightening has had depended concerning the mesure of bows, form of bow, strength of bow. Along several forms there are five basic bow tightening methods. 

1.Archer takes the arrow and puts it on the bowstring. He or she tights the arrow with his or her thumbnail and forefinger. THis method is applied in case of weak bows, in case of short tightening mesure. THis method is widespread in Indian Cultures, of South-America and in African Cultures. 

2. Developed method is the following. Archer presses the arrow, middle finger pressing the bowstring.

3.Archer puts his arrow on the bowstring. Forefinger and middle finger press the arrow.It is widespread in Indian Cultures of North-America and South-East Asian Cultures. 

4.Mediterran strenghtening  with three fingers. Archer tightens bow with forefinger, middle-finger and ring-finger. In some cases finger are put under the arrow. 

5.Thumbnail tightening.THis is Asian or Mongol method. BOwstring is tightened with hend in thumbnail. This method has been used in Asiatic Steppic Regions and attached regions.

Another bow tightening method is Szászánidiké. In this case forefinger is streched and leans the arrow. Middle and ring-fingers are hend in. Little finger is streched also. Historians do not know yet if it is the thumbnail or Mediterran Method. 

Historians do not know the exact bowstring tightening methods of Ancient Hungarian Conquestors.  Hungarian Ancestors have had applied thumbnail bowstring tightening. Antropological examination of rests of Hungarian Ancestors is very important and relevant. Physical burdening coming from training and physical work the surface of burdened muscles changed. The learning process of archery for hunting and war gives good foundation for examination to antropologists. These activities have had burdened muscles and squeleton also, so anatomy and antropology are justified. Antropological rests can give relevant informations to archery activities in case of the archery materials were found in graves also. It is important to find changes due to archery on rests of squeleton.Examinations of rests of archery of Cemetery of Sárrétudvar-Hízóföld of 10th century gave very intersting results to researchers. In this cemetery there are 20 graves. In 58 graves have been found archery materials.These materials have been arrows, archery plates and other materials. Among these individuals there have been children under 14 years. The training of children can be examined, relevant muscle changes can be denoted. 

Excessively medical hyperthropy of muscles could be examined in case of adult archers. 

Some Legends of Archery coming from Early Middle-Ages are known. An example is Herb of Szent-László, Ladislaus The Saint. Szent- László füve. The Legend details the shot down of Vörös Konrád, Red Conrad in War of Augsburg. These legends remember to exceptional archers shot and compliments. Anyway Early Middle-Ages tournaments are not known.

Hungarian researchers denote traditional archery tests basing to other populations descriptions. Archery tournaments, examinations have had been aimed to train archers to war situations. In Early Middle-Ages and probably later also archers had to possess three main abilities. THey had to be precise in their shots. It is also true but abilities are lot more complex in their case. Main method has been the step up training of archers. They learnt from step to step. In first part of their training they shot to close point using weak bows. As they progressed they shot to farer points using strong bows. Archers abilities have been trained practicing more or less. The speed of their shots increased as they progressed. There are some examples based on Ancient Mameluk and Japanese Archer Practices. 

Mameluk practice was the following. Shooting from the distance of bows of 60 which meant approximately 69 meters of distance three times to a point of one diameter. Practicing strength a rope has had been tightened on half distance in height of 2.4-2.5 meters and arrow has had to pass under the rope. THose archers who passed this exercice were enough strong. Another practice was shooting to 260-300 meters long using heavy warrior arrows. To pass early archer practice need of using heavy warrior arrows imposed compared to today ones. Concerning speed of shots there is a citation:"If you want to mesure your manual abilities and speed of shot, take three arrows stand up and shoot to the arrow of 60 approximately 69 meters of distance. If you can shoot the third one and after that shot you see passing the first arrow in moment the third passed your bow, your speed is enough."

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 6) 

In Japan in Middle-Ages in the well known Oyakazu Competition the archer abilities have had been mesured completing one task. The meaning of Oyakazu is lot of arrows. These competitions were organized at the Temple of Sandsusangendó at the covered terras era. Competition era was very narrow and small. Competitors shot in this small and narrow era. Points of shot counted when arrow passed straightly and not stalled and passed aside more than 11 meters. This competition has obliged archers to shoot precisely and to strenghten their shots. THe aim of competitors was to shoot valid shots in 24 hours of competition. 

Ancient registers show superhuman efforts and competences of ancient archers. The most successful competitor of Oyakazu Competition has had been Vasa Daihacsiró. Daihacsiró has shot 13053 arrows and and has had 8133 valid shots. Concerning his speed of shot it is comparable to shooting speed of 6.6 seconds in 24 hours of competition.

Archery got main attention in Early Hungary. Bows have had been used until the 16th century in Hungary. In wars against Ottoman Conquestors guns and firearms have replaced bows. 

In 17th century bows have had been used sometimes for hunting. Catched Ottoman bows were ornamental objects in lords armories. Historical memory forgot bow as an arm. Nobody remembered to the bow as an arm in early historical periods. When presenting Hungarian Conquestors bow not got main attention.At Heroes Square in Budapest The Seven Hungarian Chieftains are presented without their bows except one. This Momument was sculpted in first part of 20th century. Historical judgement concerning bow has changed because of archeological results. Archeological rests of bows have had ameliorated researchers judgements. László Gyula excellent historian and painter and graphic artist presented bow artistically also. Thus he spreaded word and got his scientific results popular. Hungarian Archer image is presented on diapositives at the same time. Life of Hungarian Conquestors created in 1944 and Invisible Man diapositive created based on Gárdonyi Géza novel in second part of 20th century. THe bow was related to Hungarian Ancestors. In 1990 popularisation of reflexed bows began. THe mass production of reflexed bows started this year. These modern bows are cheap,secure and their material is modern and updated. From that date bows became very popular. Anyone could use and try this sport in the beginning of 1990's traditional archery associations became very popular and such groups have been founded frequently.Archery became a leisure sport. An example of popularity of archery is the Feast of Archery of Ópusztaszer. 

Remarquable are Hungarian sportmen and their international results in traditional archery. One of these people is Kassai Lajos. Kassai is very famous, internationally known horse archer. He is the "Pope of Hungarian Horse Archery Discipline". He established this form of sport in Hungary. Nowdays his hope is to take horse archery to Olimpic level. A movie was realised based on Kassai life and sport career. The title of movie is Lovasíjász(Horse archer). Another World-Wide Champion of archery is Mónus József. Mónus József is world champion of distance shooting. Their sporting career will be detailed later. Ancient Hungarian Bow became Hungarian Specialty(Hungarikum) in 2012. 

Let us detail bow and history of recognizing Bow of Early Conquests. Based on historical sources there are no doubts that bow has had been the main arm of Hungarian Ancestors. Professional need to discover this arm interested military historians of 19th and 20th centuries. Missing written resources and descriptions have turned public attention towards archeological results.Throughout times organic materials have had been disintegrated. As consequence bow identification waited. Based on researcher work of Csiki Sebestyén Károly in 1930, archeological rests of bows of Avars and Ancient Hungarians were recognized. Csiki Sebestyén has collected bow rests of his period and reconstructed in drawn descriptions these rests. He based his reconstructions on Modern Asiatic Bow(Mongol, Bachkirien, etc). Csiki Sebestyén researches have resulted diminition of archeological researches of bowplates. During 80 years only scientific works of B.Nagy Katalin and Révész László had main importance in this topic. Missing researching work has been supported by built construction of bows of Ancient Conquests. These built materials are the work of Fábián Gyula and Szöllösy Gábor.  Nowdays archeological rests are at disposition to military historians. These rests have been discovered in 300 graves. These rests have been analized and searched in past decades. These rests gave possibility to build an Ancient Bow Reconstruction in 2013. Hungarian archeological rests of bows found in graves and cemeteries are limited to bowplates carved from antlers. These plates have had been sticked to rigid parts of bow. At the end the plates are named antlerplate. Plates on hilt are named hiltplate.Rigid bowplates give informations on hilts and antlers of bows. These informations are detailing the shape mesure and material of bowhilts and antlers in case of bows discovered in undisturbed graves, entities of bow rests can be examined. Antler plates are examined concerning their small particularities. Early Middle-Ages bows (Hungarian Ancestors BOws) have had supplemented side antler or hilt plate. 

Supplementing antler plates are between 19-29 cms long. Their thickness falls under 1.5 mm. Their function was not to make antler or bow rigid. Antler plates can be divided to head plates and plates without heads. Mixed archeological rests of both types can be discovered. Bows of Hungarian Conquestors have had been painted. The color of antlers and hills have been very prominent. Concerning archeological rests of bows, sources of main geographical places are places in Caucasus. These are Gogops, Moschajeva Balka. Podorvannaja Balka coming with their rests from 9th and 11th centuries. These rests were discovered in 1974 and 1978. Rests not damaged coming from Inner Parts of Asia from 8th and 12th centuries (Jargalant, Csonot Úi, Dugui-Cahir) are analized also. These examinations show to researchers processes of development of bows in which Hungarian Bows can be analized also.  

Steppic bows have had been constructed from four types of materials. These materials were wooden material, tendon, horn and sticking woodworking glue. For rigidity of some parts of bow, bone and antler plates have had been used. Frame and antler part of bow were constructed from wooden material. Antler of bow has had been rigid. Main and sensible part of the bow is bowstring. The string of bow was constructed from material which quickly decayed. There are no rests of bows from Early Middle-Ages because of that fact. SOme archeological rests of bows can be discovered anyway in Central, Inner-Parts of Asiatic Lands. Concerning bows there are two main questions pointing out the material used for construction and handle string. Gien archeological rests show that rigid antlers of bowstrings have had been constructed partly from animal sprain.Strings constructed from natural materials are much more thick, between 4-5 millimeters. Examples are archeological rests, steppic bows from Early Middle-Ages. Bows of Hungarian Conquestors have needed protection from wetness. For that protection they created their quivers of bow. Early Hungarian quivers and quiver rests have their ornamentic materials constructed from bones or silver material. 

There are two types of quivers.At the turnover of 19th and 20th centuries some 17-20 cenntimeters long bone plates have had been discovered at Cemetery of Jászdózsa-Kápolnahalom-Kenézló-Farkaszúg I. At the lower and upper ends these plates have had been drilled with two holes. Fettich Nándor recognized the function of these plates. They have had been taken to leather materials quivers of bows. These quivers have had the goal to protect bows when fighters not used them. László Gyula recreated early quivers of bow.  He replaced ornaments of quivers also. He analized in detail how these quivers have had been placed in graves of cemeteries. He deducted series of quivers from rests of Populations of Turkey and Iran. László Gyula deducted that plates of bow have two groups. One group of plates is wider, 4-5 centimeters, and another group is tighter 2.5-3 centimeters. He found these plates at the Cemetery of Tiszaeszlár-Újtelep. Tighter plates have been placed in tombs coming from the lower end(legs) of the tomb. These plates are placed paralelly, 20-30 centimeters from each other. Eg:Cemetery of Karos II.Grave 16. 

Archeological rests of quivers of bow.

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 7)

Quivers of bow have been recognized and identified in early 20th century in graves of cemeteries. Lot of historians analized quivers. Eg:László Gyula, Count Zichy István, Cs.Sebestyén Károly. First rebuilt quivers of bow have been shown based on researches of Fábián Gyula and Szöllösy Gábor. 

Concerning quiver reconstructions, archeological rests are the iron and bone plates covering the upper or head parts of quivers. These rests are rare and have been discovered in graves of 10th century of Carpathian- Basin. The form and mesure of these rests can be analized in case their rests were not replaced in their graves. THe historical analize needs practicing horse archery experiences, Middle-Ages descriptions, and graphic presentations and ethnographic presentations. 

Main point is the construction and material of early quivers. It is well known that early quivers of Carpathian-Basin have had been part of "sand glass" quivers. The name "sand glass"quiver remains to particular form of this quiver. The material aimed to stock bows and arrows is named quiver in Hungarian Language. In Hungarian quiver means tegez. Early Hungarians used three forms of quivers. They used the quivers for carrying, the bow quivers and quivers for supporting arrows. Let us detail the arrow. For the reconstruction of early arrows of conquest, there are three main points. These points are the point of the arrow, the material of the arrow, length of the arrow. Any other particularities of Early Hungarian  arrows are hypothetic. Some parallelisms can help historians in their researches. These paralellisms are the Mongol arrows coming from 8th century from Moschajeva Balka and arrows coming from 9th and 10th centuries. Hungarian points of the arrows have had been made from iron of buca and have had been forged by hand. Based on arrow rests of Carpathian Basin the main difference between arrows of Avars and Hungarians is the construction of head of arrow. The head of arrows of Avars have had been "three winged". Hungarian arrows heads were marshy. Different are the heads "D"(queue of swallow) and "F"(point of pricking). The whole length is between 50 and 140 millimeters. The main width (except the Form "F") 10-50 millimeters. 

Thickness is 3-6 millimeters, weight is between 4-30 gramms (weight of rests). Weight of reconstruction is 5-50 gramms. Weight of average heads is 12-20 gramms. 

The Hungarian points of arrows of 9th and 11th centuries can be divided on six parts. 

Type A:Short cutting sharpness 

Type B:rhombus 

Type C:long cutting sharpness 

Type D:queue of swallow 

Type E:form of fan or chisel 

Type F:antitank destroyer or pricking 

THe early rests of arrow of Cemetery of Kiszombor show that this arrow has been constructed of the material of Tree Viburnum Lantana. In Hungarian Ostorménfa. There are no exact descriptions concerning the early arrows of Hungarian Conquests. Their thickest part have had been circa 9 to 11 millimeters. At the end part they become thinner. Concerning the length of these arrows it can be deducted that basing on quiver rests, their length is 82 centimeters. Average length was circa 75 centimeters. 

Nomad populations have had used the arrows of forms of "lip of oignon". The exterior part of 20 to 30 millimeters becomes wider at the end of the arrow. Concerning the plume, part of Early Middle-Ages arrows, well known are the arrows of three plumes. Length of plumes were 12-15 centimeters. Ancestors have used for construction of plumes of arrows the plumes of waterbirds and the plumes of birds of prey. 

Next topic details the source of defense and arms of face to face fightings of Hungarian Conquestors. These arms are sabres and swords. As it was detailed earlier in this Guide, the early sources of 9th and 10th centuries have had emphasized the role of archery. These sources tell that Hungarian Conquestors evited face to face fiightings. According to military historians and researches archery has been the main advantage for Early Hungarian Conquestors. Anyway the face to face fighting resulted victory in early military events. In face to face military fightings Early Hungarian fighters have used main arms, swords and sabres. Descriptions concerning the armories of Hungarian Conquestors, researchers cannot precise types of arms. The science of archeology and archeologists examine rests of arms and point out changes in military organization and in armory of that period.Sabres of Early Hungarian fighters and soldiers was 70-90 centimeters long.This length was identic to steppic and Eastern-European forms. Swords have had been used for cutting and also for pricking. Swords of that period were 1 meter long western typed sharpened arms. BOth sides of the blade were sharpened. Swords of Early Hungarian Period have had shown traditions of Vikings and Russ. Lances were used lot of times in Early Middle-Ages wars and fightings. Steppic horse fighters fighted using lances. After bow, lances was the most frequently used arm. At that time horse fighting soldiers of Franks and Byzantine ground based fighters war tactics and fighting methods have had been based on lance fightings also. Contemporary researchers and archeologists have opened up only very few archeological rests of early lance points from Early Middle-Ages Period. Ancestors have had used their lances as signing their graves. 

THe wing lance known from Frank Empire in 9th-10th centuries was different from other lances of the period. THis lance had heavy point of 50 centimeters long and has weighed 50 to 60 dekas. The wing lance denomination comes related to side extensions of this type of lance. These wings have had retained the lance to penetrate deep into injuires. THis arm could easily push away shields of ennemis. In Western Europe of that time this lance was the Lance of Kings. This arm was the main arm in these regions. In lot of Middle-Ages regions lances with laurel leaf formed points have had been in use. THese lances were very simplified arms. THe ethnic relations of these arms are very hardly searchable. THe lance production has been easy. The production of this arm would not needed professional knowledge. Concerning raw materials, iron or steel were used for lance production. Depending the raw material used lances costed cheaper or more expensive. Hungarian language richly denominates arms of pricking. Parts of these denominations are known since Early Modern Age. The oldest Hungarian word is the word from before Conquesting Age. THis word is kelevéz. Another word is the most important word lándzsa(lance). THis word has come into Hungarian from the Italian word lancetta. Lancetta means the small sized medical knife. THe word lándzsa is known since the middle of Middle-Ages Period, 14th century. THe Hungarian word gerely(spear) came into our language also in 14th century. THis word comes from German language. 

Holdberds, axes and hatchers. Main arms of face to face Middle-Ages fightings had been swords and sabres. Although particular hitting arms, holberds, axes and hatchers have had important part also in fightings of Middle-Ages. Middle-Ages axes give us strange feelings of Early Middle-Ages war history. Although these arms have had been also in use. According to historians of this period, halberd was the arm of poor soldiers. Its creation was cheap and without special knowledge.Although halberds were found also in riches graves, basing on archeological rests. The historical facts show the complexity of this arm.  In 10th century halberds and axes have had been constructed according to horse fighting.The horse fighting versions of these arms were much smaller than halberds and axes used in ground based fightings. They weighed lighter also. Archeologists found  a rest concerning wearing of halberds and axes in Early Middle-Ages. THis rest has been found in Budapest-Csúcshegy  Grave 2. It is an iron hoop.

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 8)

THis archeological rest emphasizes the fact that ancient warriors have had hang their arms on  their belts. Regarding this group of arms, other variations of Carpathian Basin can be noted. For example Avar and Russ variations. Ancient presence of Eastern Russ and or Slavonic fighters can be noted,too. THe 9th and 10th centuries in Middle-Ages were The Age of Arms of Defense. These arms have been different, according to type, material of construction, presence of arm, tactics and other historical facts. Ancient Middle-Ages helmets were constructed using iron plates. Helmets have had been lined to defend hittings from arms. 

Frank helmets in Early Middle-Ages Western Europe had been similar to German Warrior helmets. Frank helmets have had been equipped with nose protecting supplement. Byzantine Horse Fighting Units were equipped with protecting supplement. THis supplement has been constructed from an iron plate. Not only the helmet had importance in Middle-Ages fightings. Also the clothers of soldiers must had protect them. THe basic coat was the arm coat. For the creation of this protecting armour linen has been used. Linen armour is known from Western and Byzantine descriptions and graphic presentations of 9th and 10th centuries. Middle-Ages Europe denomination given the name "gambeson" and "akiton". Thick constructed textile material gave protection against frequent hittings coming from art intrusions. Another protecting material was linen coat. THis coat was made of several layers. Leather coats have been in use from 9th to 10 th centuries.Although descriptions concerning leather coats are very rare.  In Eary Middle-Ages Frank Heritages leather gloaves are in the historical collections. No doubt that resistant leather clothes gave protection in battles. Example is an Early Viking Description.This Saga mentions a thick and resistant reiinder jacket, protecting the fighter who worn it. 

Amongst Early Middle-Ages armours the most known was the láncing, the metal armour. Láncing has had been widely used in Early European Continent. In Western Europe this armour was in use only. Láncing has been popular in steppic regions but in Byzantine Empire also. Early láncings were long, reaching the knees and had sleeves reaching the elbow. Nobles láncings have had gold chains. THe chains of láncing of Saint Venceslaus of Prague were created using gold material. Láncing denomination is wire or cable armour. Wires chains have had resisted to cuttings. Although this material not resisted to strikes. It is for that reasons warriors used thick intrusions coming from arms. This way lined arm coat has protected the person. There are many examples about efficient protection of armours. Armours soldiers have had stayed in fight after being hit. Iron armour not fitted partly because of warm temperatures. Anyway it protected. Prince Konrad died in August 955 when he had taken off his iron armour. He had been hitten by a deadly arrow on his throat. 

Count Robert from Neustria has been killed in 866 because he has taken off his armour and helmet. Láncing was very flexible wearing. It not blocked movements. Byzantien Empire and Early Eastern Europe were known about the fact that soldiers have had worn sheeted or iron plated coats. Láncing creation was expensive because of the creation of iron chains of materials. In Early Middle-Ages iron armour was the more costly and the most rare of military supplements. Its value has been overrated in Frank Empire concerning swords, sabres and the best of their armoires. THe price of early noble studs, 20 solidus, was approximately the same as a complet armour material price. Iron armours have had been registered as high prize values. THese armours were given to heredity in monasteries. Treasuries of monasteries have taken the armours as donations. Early iron armour rests are very seldom in Middle-Ages rests. Middle-Ages armies have had been very strong supported by armoured units.Armoured units stuffs were small but very efficient. 

Remarquable are the descriptions of Middle-Ages chronicles. THese chronicles have described armoured warriors. They described types of armours also.  These chronicles counted mainly the above described láncings, not the leather coats of army coats. Warriors using the less coastly leather or armory coats were more frequent. Protecting arms from Early Middle-Ages Hungarian Armories are barely known, but there are written sources showing these arms. Sources are helmets(galea) which are translated as leather helmet. The main rest of Early Middle-Ages helmet comes from Pécs. It dates back to the end of 10th century. THis rest was found in mass graves of Russ soldiers. Another rest from East-Regions which can be Early Hungarian rest is the iron helmet from Manvelovka. There can be a rest found in Danube which can be dated into the 9th-10th century. It is a half -round circled helmet, a Western typed helmet. 

Concerning early shields, a source writes about Chieftain Árpád who has been raised on shield. Chieftain Súr captured in War of Augsburg had a shield ornamented by silver cross. Because of missing rests there are several possibilities about the armours of Early Hungarian Ancestors. It can be deducted that our Ancestors have had not wore iron armour. Another deduction is that worn these iron armours but because of their high values they have had not taken these armours into their graves. Some deductions tell that our Ancestors have had banned to attach their armours into their graves.SOme searchers think there are no armours in graves because soldiers have leased armours from Chieftains. Early Middle-Ages treasures took back armours. Another supposition is because of that fact there are no armour rests in Early Middle-Ages graves. The treasury solution was the example in case of Army of Byzantine Empire.  THis example followed Late Roman Empire. In Early Hungary treasuries have had not taken back armours. In Hungary armours and arms were gifts for warrior and other merits. THese gifts could not be taken back any more. 

Hungarian Early Middle-Ages coats have not been iron created. These rests were textile or leather coats, so the archeological rests have been destroyed throughout centuries. Leather or textile coats shown similarity to other clothes worn. Early Middle-Ages sources describe the leather clothes worn by horse archers of that time.One of these sources is Königsaal-Chronicle. They have had also wore several leather jerkins in wars.(Villain -Chronicle). Leather jackets have had given satisfying protection because of the laminated arrangement. 

Next topic will talk about the Age of Military Campaigns. Before Conquest of Hungary Hungarian Units could have weighed the complexity of European State Arrangements.Byzantien Empire based on the ancient tradition of Roman Empire. Hungarian Units had met them at the Lower Danube  and in the Region of Krim. 

THe Emperors and Commanders of Dynasty of Macedonia from 867 until 1056 conquested their lost territories in wars. Territories in question mean the Territories from the Balkans to South of Italy. THey have succeedeed in these military conquests. Although Hungarian Historical Sources do not remain them because of these successes. THese two Emperors are Leo THe Wise and Constantin THe Seventh(Purpleborn Constantin). THe continous conflicts between THe Byzantine Empire and Empire of Bulgaria have had supported Hungarian Conquestors. The Hungarian Military Forces become allies of Bulgarian Empire until 970 when they lost one of the battles. THis defeat happened in Arcadiapolis. Today name is Luleburgaz in Turkey. Allies defeated were allies of Kijev, Bulgars and Petscheneg. Byzantine Army has had preserved traditions of Roman Empire. THese traditions were logistic, heavy horse army and light horse army traditions. All these traditions were preserved in ground based army units also. Byzantine Elite Army garrisoned in barracks was unique in these historical periods. Byzantine Army introduced  the use of red firework. The Byzantine Army used red firework in water fightings and ground fightings. In Western Europe Empire of Carolings finished. The Country of Charles The Great(Nagy Károly) has been divided in 843. This dividion had taken place in Verdun. At that time Hungarian Ancestors are close to Eastern-Frank Kingdom.The Kingdom uses Early Hungarians as supporting their military actions. The Last Roman Emperor was Arnulf of Carinthia. The Emperor faced threats and ennemis coming from Moravia, Hungary,Vikings. After the death of Last Frank Emperor defeated by Hungarian Ancestors in 911, the Duchies defended by Karolings became independent.SOme of these Independent Duchies were Duchy of Saxon, Duchy of Frank, Duchy of Bavaria.

Lotharingia conquested by Henrik The First with the Capital of Aachen also became an Independent Duchy.  The son of Henrik The First, Otto winded up total independencies. At the end of years 940 The Emperor of Five Duchies have had been Otto and members of his family.

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 9)

Bruno one of brothers of Otto was Bishop of Cologne. He conquested Lotharingia. Brother Henrik conquested Bavaria.COnsequently the goals of Empire and the conquest of Italy have meant the end of Hungarian Cruisades. Sign of this process has been Crowning of Emperor Otto in Pavia in 951. Duchies of that time have been divided on countships. These countships have given bases of main territorial conflicts. The conflicts were also useful for external ennemies, like Hungarians amongst others. Eastern bordered countships have had potentials of conquest. Concerning Italy the Italian Empire has had been divided by Western Empires and Eastern Roman Empire.Also Arabic interests have intervened into Italian Affairs. North Longobard Kingdom has been Italian Kingdom. Regions of Alps have been attached to Countships of South-Germany in 10th century.  Countships of Toscana and Spoleto were also created as military targets. Italy suffered at that period because of confused political background. THis Era favorised not the military resistance. Particular Biography of that Period is The Biography of Berengar THe First Count of Friul.His adventurous life finished by his murdering.  Main centers of military resistance have had been bishopries. Ancient Hungarian Military Units besieged some towns, Vercelli, Bergamo, Pavia without success. THese Italian towns had been church centers and frequent targets of Hungarian besiegeries. 

Attacks of Saraceniens caused troubles in South-Italy and in North-Part of Italian Empire also. Italy was besieged in 827. Saracenien Armies attacked Italy and destroyed the Empire bordering the sea near to Piemont. Date of destroy of Rome was 840. In 931 these armies destroyed Pavia, too. Parallel attacks came in same time in these regions from Hungarian units. Hungarians have had attacked mainly Longobard Territories and Calabria. At that time French Territories were divided because of political reasons.Main countries having power were County of Normandy, County of Britanny,Counties of Aquitanny and Gasconny.Other Mains Counties have been Narbonne centered County of Gothia, Anjou-Maine, Flandry and Champagne. Kingdom of Burgundy was created by division. Principality of Burgundy resided under French power.  County of Burgundy was attached to German Empire. 

Main adversaires of these territories have been Kings of Franks, having Territories of Ile-De-France. Capetings of Neustira appeared in 9th century.Son of Robert THe Strong Odo organized the defense of Paris in 885. Thus he became King. His adversaires were Normands. Robert Family powered during hundred years. 

Hugo The Great strenghtened his power in 10th century. Results of reignance of Dynasty of Capetings came in 912. These results have come as consequence of Normann Alliance of North-Western Part of French Kingdom.  This Alliance has given stability to this region at that time. Power of Kings stabilized also. Iberic-Half-Island was divided since 711 when King Rodrigo was defeated. When Hugo The Great died, Gothic Power finished in this region. Arabs were not strong enough to conquer Iberic-Island. Two civilisations faced each other here. When Alfonso The First(739-757) reigned, two civilisations have got power. THe border line between these two cultures extended from Porto until Osma, through the Valley of Duero. When Alfonso reigned he established close relationships with King Charles THe Great. THis Period has been marqued by strong military presence of Frank Army of the South Territories near to Pyreneen Mountains. At the end of 8th century Wilfried(873-898) Count of Barcelona established Catalan Empire. Between Catalonia and Asturia were formed the two Territories of Navarra and Asturia. 

Basques living in mountains have had resisted to military conquests. Al-Andalusz, Andalusia has been North-African Territory. It was empowered by Governor of Kalif of Damascus. Arab discords have had given possibility to independence. Since 756 existed the Emirat of Umajjad powered by members of family emigrated from Syria. Capital was Cordoba. The crisis of Al-Andalusz and Marocan Sea bordered territories intervened around 900. Resolution came from excellent General Abdál-Al-Rahmán The Third(912-961). Kalifats competing with each other have given territory to diplomacy of Christian States at Half-Island of Iberia.At this historical period conquesting Hungarian Armies traversed Pyreneen Mountains. In 942 they reached SOuth of France traversing Lombardia. SO they devastated Hispan Territories powered by Arabs.  

Middle-Ages Europe was known as beeing divided and colorful. Lot of conquerors could profit these divisions and diversities of the early continent.Disadvantages were the diversity of equipement of different armies, the difference of military cultural basis, diversity of Middle-Ages arms.Main disadvantages for the newly arrived conquerors were the fact of serious military experience of indigenes coming from wars against Arab armies and Normann armies. 

Ungri is the Earliest Western-European Source of Middle-Ages Hungarian Conquests. Past years Annual of Saint-Bertain(Annales Bertiniani) attired attention of Hungarian scientists.Maybe Annales Bertiniani is a suffix or related to a Western-Slavonic Unity beeing lived near to the border of Denmark. Proof of deduction of arrival of arrival of Hungarian Units to Carpathian-Basin comes maybe from Annales Bertiniani. Another Annual, Annual of Fulda recites Conquest of Hungarians traversing Danube. Story is based on Regino recits. Hungarians have had conquested in 894. Annales Fulda recites Hungarian attacks against Bulgars in 895. It details arrival and conquests of Year 896 basing on recits of Bishop Lázár(Lazarus). Bishop Lázár was Ambassador of Emperor Byzantine. Concerning Hungarians, the source having main interest is Antapodosis reciting events happened bettween 893-962. 

Antapodosis is a very important historical source. This book is the Source of Battle of Brenta and Conquest of Pannonia (899-900). Antapodosis is the main source also of Battle of Merseburg(933) about which it gives recites in details. It recites Italian Conquests in 898 and gives rememberance to "hui hui"epic battle cries. Let us point out the Early Work of Abbey Corvey Widukind who has written the Book History of Saxons.  He wrote this work between 967-973 and he emphasized Conquesting Hungarians. He presented Battle of Merseburg and verbal recits(955) and he has written on Battle of Lerch pointing out details.

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 10) 

Gebhard from Church of Augsburg has written his work Life Council of Saint-Ulrich after 955. His writings were born between 982 and 993. Important are the descriptions on Bishop defending the city against Conquesting Hungarians.These informations support Life Councils of Saint Wiborada and the descriptions of Widukind on Battle of Field of Lerch.  

One of the four most important Chronicles is the Regino-Chronicle describing world-history. The most parts concerning Regino Chronicle have been imported from Justinianus and Paulus Diaconus Chronicles. Main Part is The Part of 889 which year Charles The Fat Third(Harmadik Kövér Károly) died. This is an important part of this Chronicle, related to Early Hungarians. Regino has written his Chronicle in Trier where he became Abbey of Monastery of Martin(Márton Monostor). His Chronicles have had been  written in this Monastery amongst others The Regino World Chronicle in 908. Regino wrote as a whole work. That is why it is also litterature. Parts concerning Early Hungarians have been edited between 900 and 906. Historical importance of Regino is high. Partly because other chronicers of that period like Anonymus from Hungary based on it as source work. Regino Chronicles have had been edited in Early Middle-Ages Hungary. 

Sources of Low Countries cite Aventinus whose name was Johannes Turmair(1477-1534). He has had visited more than hundred places in South-Germany for his continous researches. 

World remember him as history writer of Bavaria. He has had written this Book as the Writer of Court of Prince of Bavaria. The title of this work is Two Books of Bavarian Year-Books(Annarium Boiorum libri septen). The story recites the creation of the world until the Year 1400.

Some of Aventinus sources have remained until nowdays. SOme of others amongst his sources have had been lost. THey were found only in 19th century. Thanks to Aventinus, recits of destroyed German Monasteries based on Hungarian Units are known. 

THe Battle of Bratislava of 907 were also documented by Johannes Turmair Aventinus. He recited as Source Work The Latin Chronicles also. These Chronicles have had been treaching on some point.

Interest of professionals of historical scientists focus on Chronicles from before the Year 1000. Let us point out historical distance of the sources of events and reality based historical facts. Texts of remained chronicles have nothing in common with real facts of Conquest of Hungary. 

Authors of these chronicles have had known the importance of Conquest of Hungary. Anyway they based on Bible, on Epic Songs, and Early Western Chronicles. 

THe Chronicle of Gesta from Anonymus is always interesting and in focus for Hungarian Scientists. It was interpreted by modern science on several points. The newest interpretation takes the date of writing to the Year of 1220. Maybe there is some relationship of Gesta with Dominican Missions and Paulus, too. 

Thanks to ancient chronicles several legends remained. Such a one is, THe Legend of Turul. Turul remains an important symbol in contemporary Hungarian political symbolism. The name, the word "Turul"comes from Kézai Simon.

Legends of adventures and adventorus life of Hungarian Ancestors is real and no doubt on it. Based on a chronicle coming from the Period of King Matthias(Mátyás Király, Hunyadi Mátyás) heroic songs remained concerning Hungarian Ancestors even in 15th century. Legend coming from before the years 1200 from the Era of Attila remains. THe book containing this Legend has perished. It was rebuilt using Latin language litterature. Blood sealed compact between Hungarian Chieftains remains similar.Scientists of ethnography seem to think this a heritance from our Ancestors. 

Concerning Hungarian adventures and battles the most difficult part of contemporary historical science is to judge events. In regard of judgement it is difficult to weigh them as political and diplomatic facts. Today it is a fact the preparation of battles have had been depending on diplomacy. Anyway this theory comes from Bogyai Tamás and Vajai Szabolcs.  When Vajai and Bogyai established their theory, it remained not accepted. Bogyai and Vajai based their theory against the facts of devastating Hungarian Conquests. Proof of Western intrusion leaves incertainities because of Pagan Alliance. 

Help of Hungarian Units in battles of Italy and Byzantine Empire can be proved. It is not clear that Hungarian Ancestors have begun their fight on their own or on call of foreign empires. Scientists are divided in regard of that problem. Some of that think that our Ancestors have had seeking their new country. Some of the scientists think that stressful life of Nomadic Society could have been sublimated. 

Hungarian Ancestors have shown diplomatic openness. Concerning remote countries they have got visits of ambassadors calling to battles. 

These battles raised money for these Hungarian Units. THis money, big amount of coins came as tax or as plunder. 

There are datas of tax paying from Bavaria, Saxons, Tcheque, Byzantine Territories. Other datas coming from ancient coins rests found in graves. Counting all these coins only 40 of them can be related to these ancient battles. Greatest part have had been melted.First part of 10th cenntury was named the "Silver Age"according to Róna István. 15 tonnes of silver coins arrived to Carpathian Basin. That is the source of datas. In reality lot more have had arrived. Taxes and money have given the found of Nomadic Society and Hungarian Units. Other parts of incomes meant preparation of battles and conquests. Hungarian Units have had obligation to pay for finding ways of advancing in battles. THen traverses happened through Bavaria, and North of Italy.These traverses finished as consequence of strike of Otto The First in the beginning of years 950. 

Conquests and adventures of our Ancestors suppose the success of Hungarian Units and Nomad Society.  In a stabilized society direction of foreign affairs and military affairs is vital. Early suppositions predicted organization between Hungarian Units. 

Rests of Upper-Tisza together with Western rests of coins have had refuted the theory of political and military organization between Ancient Units of Hungarians. 

Contemporary historians knowledge is limited to very few Ancient Hungarian Chieftains. Some of the names are Tarhos, Taksony, Bulcsu. They have activerly participated in Hungarian Conquests. 

Curious fact was facing of Hungarian Units. amongst each other in 906. 

Anyway they have always agreed to foreign agreements. 

According to German sources in 954-955 exclusive political agreements have had formed but sources evoque the deny of these compacts. Hungarian Chieftains established political contacts. They also established agreements with Prince of Lotharingia, Bishop of Salzburg, King of Germany in 955. These meetings have not been personal facings. 

Hungarians have got a call to battle in the beginning of Year 954. Early sources cite the conspiracy against King Otto as reason. This conspiracy began in Eastern of 953 when relatives of Otto, Konrad The Red, Swabian Prince, Liudolf, Prince of Lotharingia, tried to capture him without success. Compte of Regensburg Arnulf revolted. He captured Regensburg and allied with Liudolf.Arnulf died in 23rd of July of 954. Revoltants have had submitted. Revoltants payed huge amounts to Hungarians to avert devastation of Bavaria. Liudolf himself has told to corrupt Hungarians for averting their intrusion against himself and his subjects.  Hungarians were dangerous to foreign and German powers. Neither of German and foreign powers wanted Hungarian intrusion. 

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary (Part 11)

In the beginning of 954 Hungarians arrived and joined events in Netherlands. THey have had got their pay in Worms in 19th of March. Contradictions can be highlighted when pointing out the reconstruction of ancient route of Worms-Cambral.(19th of March-6th of April). 

As contemporary science remembers there are 18 monasteries and churches devasted by Hungarian Units. Rememberance recites them only later on. The devastation of monasteries between Maastricht and Cambral on the route of 230 kilometers happened in very short time. Hungarians had 10 days for that act. They have gone back home traversing Burgundia and Italy. 

They have had not planned to intrude to the battles of South-Germany. THat is why they sent smaller units. Anyway they sent a unit to Byzantine Empire also.THe presence of Bulcsu highlights the importance of these adventurous battles. 

Concerning Hungarian COnquests and battles there are detailed chronicles. Chronicles detail defaits of Battles of Merseburg in 933 and Augsburg in 955.Outstanding event was the Battle of Brenta as part of Battle of Italy in 899-900.Battle of Brenta can be recognized as one of the biggest success of Early Middle-Ages Hungarian Armies.Another outstanding Battle and its picturesque recitation has been Battle of Sankt-Gallen. 

Historians debate on facts of Battle of Bratislava in 907. These debates point out derivative parts of Early Humanist Chronicles or which parts are reconstructed by Aventinus. 

Most detailed warrior event of Ancient Hungarian Conquests and Battles is The Battle of Italy from 898-899. The Battle of Italy was part of War of Bulgaria in 895 and the War of Atkadiapolis in 970. The War of Bulgaria has been the beginning and the War of Atkadiapolis was the ending part of these battles. 

These battles were preceding by diplomatic antecedants. German political leaders have had sent Hungarian Units towards Italian Empire. 

Battles begun in 898 when Hungarian Armies departed to Italy. Italian cities were densely populated and lot of fortresses and castles have defended these Italian cities.  

Arriving to Brenta Hungarians stopped their advancing. They sent their smaller horse equiped units to clear up the region. 

THe incoming reports strenghtened their notions concerning the region. Hungarian Units needed stronger forces but region was adaptable to adventures. High mountains at North, the Sea in South bordering the territories. Rivers divided this territory. Parts lay bordering the region. At the time of their battles and adventures smaller regions could have been controlled by Hungarian Army Units. THeir ennemies fought down forces of nature. Sensible point of Hungarian Armies have been their military camp.They built this camp at the other side of the river. THey have taken their rests. The attack of bows found Italians unprepared. After this victory Hungarians have had devastated Berengár Country and next year they have gone home with the rich prey. 

At the 10th century advancing in Carpathian Basin of Hungarians and the Hungarian Armies have destroyed the Armies of Louis The Child King of Germany. Importance of this battle is shown by dead nobles who have had fighted in this War. Among dead nobles let us cite Compte Lieutpold, Bishop of Salzburg  or Bishops of Freising and Brixen.

Concerning Hungarian adventures and conquests, only brief recitations remain us from history. What happened in Bratislava in the Battle of 907 we do not know. Only the books of necrology of South and the Monasteries of the region documented the events. In the Year Book of Salzburg the place of this battle is written. Eg:Brezauluspurc. That is why that most of historians put the place of that battle near to Bratislava(Pozsony).Name of Pozsony is recited first time in the 11th century. 

According to a remaining source, an ancient certificate, the Army of Kingdom of Germany departed in the day of 17th of June of 907 from Ennsburg. THey have divided themselves.  One of teams followed the Ancient Route of Limes. This the South BOrd of Danube. The rest of units and the supply have had arrived in boats. As it is known from early history, the First Unit of Bavaria approached the entrance of Forest of Vienna in June 24th. They reached the place of Battle of Bratislava in 3rd of July. 

Hungarians were in easier situation because of the different length of the warrior route of Bavarian Army Units which caused difficulties to them. Hungarians have known the region perfectly. 

The Battle of Bratislava has been of main importance because of the future of historical development of this region of Central-Europe.The Conquest of Hungary mainly depended of the result of Battle of Bratislava. The end of the Battle of Bratislava resulted the final settling of Hungarians in their territories. It resulted the controle of territories between Enna and Fischa. 

The Nine Years of Armistice of 924 entered with Henrik The First King of Germany and the Entrance with Arnulf, Compte of Bavaria resulted the conquests of Hungarians in Territories of Belgium and Luxemburg. 

The first part of battles is related to days of Sainkt-Gal which he spent in this Monastery in Switzerland.Date was the 8th of May 926. Between times the Army had traversed the Champagnens and the Ardens. Damages caused are barely mentioned.Backroute they have devasted Verdun and around. Chronicles not detailed these damages. Year 926 was rich in events. Rudolph of Burgundia has been expelled. His father-in-law Burckhard The Second, Prince Swabian was killed in the 29th of April in North-Italy. Hugo of Provence was crowned in July 926. Reignings have had seeked Hungarian help.  THe help seeking can be proved by the historical fact that next year in 927 Hungarian Units have had been called to invade Italy.  

It was Ekkerhard THe Fourth who chronicled the stay of Hungarian Army in Sainkt-Gallen. The Chronicle written on this topic is The Continous Chronicle written before 1057. Ekkerhard written Latin Poems also. THis Chronicle recited events between 884 and 972. 

Ekkerhard was student of Notker der Deutsche. Then he became teacher in Meinz at School of Cathedral of Meinz. Later on he continued his teaching work at the Monastery of Sankt-Gal. 

Chronicle of Ekkerhard has rare and not known details concerning Ancient Hungarians and their warrior tactics. Exemples are grouping in small groups, burning their deads. 

Stories written by Ekkerhard are funny and optimistic. Any other interesting facts concerning or Ancestors are the following. Signs of horn for reunion, they traversed main rivers on their boats. 

This the Year of 926 when Chronicle of Saint Wiborada was also written. This book was re-written also by Ekkerhard. Main story is the killing of Virgin Wiborada and her meeting with Hungarian Ancestors. 

Adventures of Spain have had become known after finding the Fifth Book of Al-Muqtabis written by Ibn Hajján who lived sdand worked at the 11th century. In this Chronicle there are pages concerning Hungarian Ancestors. This Chronicle was found in 1969. 

In Spain the well known fact concerning Hungarians was the capturing of Emperor of Barbastro City and the liberation after paying ransom for him. Hungarian Ancestors have had besieged Lerida for a whole week. They retired because of their serious problem of supply.

During these events Arabs captured Hungarians. They were recruited into the Calif Bodyguard. 

When retiring Hungarians had been defeated in Catalonia. The text of Al-Muqtabis cites The Seven Chieftains also. Problem is the incorrect description of Chieftains. 

The Adventures of Hungarians in Byzantine Empire in Year 934 are also sourced, but less then the Western adventures of these ancestors. According to these chronicles they have reached Constantinople several times. Indigents payed their taxes to them also in form of gifts. 

The Chronicle of Botond is the Early Middle-Ages Source of and adventure of our Ancestors in Constantinople. Lot of historians relate these events to the Year of 958 when Purple Borned Constantinos has abolished tax paying. According to the Legend Botond won over the Byzantine soldiers. All these cruisades have had finishted devastating Greece. 

Constantinople owned in Golden Gate in Early Middle-Ages. Through this Golden Gate entered THe Generals whose armies won. Today it is related to Jedikula. The breaking of the Gate meant the sacral beginning of war. The breaking of Gate also meant shame of devastated town. Historical example is the breaking of Gate of Kijev of Boleslo The Brave in 1018. 

In Early Middle-Ages orientation of armies has had been very difficult. It caused more problems when reaching and fighting unknown territories. Particular historical fact of Early Middle-Ages is the location of habitants. Most people have had spent their whole lives in the same region of birth and living. Except mercenaires and commercants. 

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 12) 

Anyway the adventures and wars, the detailed knowledge of war territories have been compulsory. Routes of wars and adventures, secure distances for camp, location of passes, etc. Hungarian Ancestors traversed really long ways. THe orientation of Hungarian Units has been excellent. They have found their targets. 

Ancient written sources recite guides, detents, espions and explorators. Western expeditions happened for the callings of kings of emperors of allied countries. They sent the guides to Hungarian Units. 

These guides mean kalauz in Hungarian language. Kalauz is a word coming from Turkish. The guide activities at that historical period are known from Byzantine and from Turkish or Tartar sources. It is evident that guides were indigents knowing their region very well. They have had changed their sides or they were payed extra well. Well payed guides have turned sort of armies and battles , but the whole battle and sort have had risks also. In case of betraying their allies could kill them. In case of detention their ennemies have had killed them. In 937 a guide of Slavonia trapped his Hungarian allies during the Saxon expedition.In 934 Hungarians whipped their Italian guide to death because he guided them to a region without water. Consequence was the almost death because of thirst of Hungarians. King Hugo sent to Hungarians the Italian guide to lead Hungarian Units in Expedition of Spain. In case when regional guides have had not been at disposition veteran soldiers guided military units. Example is the case of Tartarians. Veteran warriors have had enough experience to lead these army units to success. 

Spies in service of Hungarian Armies explored the regions and routes of army units in advance. Best explorators have had been commercants. Byzantine Chronicles of 10th century proposed commercants to explorations. Hungarians interrogated their prisoneers. An example is the case  of Adventures of Sankt-Gallen in 926. Here they have interrogated a German Clerical earlier detented. They spoke Hungarian. 

Grave of a Hungarian Worrior was found in 1885 at Aprés-Les-Corps in South Eastern France. This rest has had been related to Adventures and Explorations of 10th century. Researchers of Hungarian science of archeology begun examining remains of ancient adventures. Description of these remains has been an important task also. 

Jankovich Miklós emphasizes in his research that Valiant Bene, Prince Solt, and Berengár The First were in Italy. Proves are for this presence the coins found in graves and rests of arms, sabres and tops of arrows. 

There are materials found in territorial couches of 10th century. These materials remain Hungarian ones. Another rests are ancient fortresses at that territories. Dead graves prove warrior facts and adventures. In this  case death came from arms of light weight horse armed Hungarian soldiers.Important are the ancient hidden treasures from Hungarian warriors and the ancient rests of battles. 

THe graves of archeological rests of warriors killed killed in 10 th century explain the Hungarian presence outside Carpathian Basin. These grave rests are rare. Funerals have happened in far territories. THese pagan graves were isolated from Christian tombs in villages.  Main cause was to avoid vengence of survivals of Hungarian attacks. These rests of tombs have had been present in France, in region of Schlacht in Eastern-Alps. They can also be found in Austria in Gnanendorf. Grave of Gnanendorf showed the rests of a young warrior. This grave is richly annexed and scientific examinations have attired the attention of "HUngarian question".The rest  of Gnanendorf explains political interest of Danube-Valley of Ancient Hungarians of 10th century. They have had established graves and temporary accomodation in the region.

Let us show some rests of tombs found in Basin of Vienna in modern times. Sporadic remains and rests have been found around the River of Enss.

Remains of deterioration are the castles of 10th century. These are the castles of Eastern and Central European Regions. There ae also the fortresses having the objects remaining to Hungarian Adventures. An example is the Castle of Sand around Thaya. This is the best archeological place. Attacks are proved with arrow bottoms found in ramparts and other archeological remains. 

Probably Hungarian attacks of 10th century have had caused the deterioration of Ancient Fortress of Iatrus, placed in Bulgaria. Iatrus remained remains related to Ancient Hungarians. The opening up of archeological rests happens continously. Examples are stirrup at Todenman in Low-Saxon Country or remains of a sabre at Eisingen. Some arrow rests remain also to Hungarian attacks at Zalavár or Utzenhofen in Bavaria. 

Researchers doubt concerning Hungarian origin of these arrow remains from 10th century. The arrows in question have had been used before Ancient Hungarians originated. Anyway there are real remains related to Hungarian Adventures and Conquests. 

Ancient bows and arrows were the sources of success of Hungarian Ancestors conquests. Different sources are the origins of that success. Eg:Chronicles of Leo The Wise, Chronicles of Ibbn-Hajan, etc.Archeological rests show several remaining places where ennemis have had died caused by Hungarian arrow attacks. The most well known rest is the Village of Bietigheim between The Rivers of Rhone and Black Forest. 

Dead burries sources are the double graves of devastation of Rome coming from 10th century. They are victims of Ancient Hungarians. One of the ancient victims died because of an arrow. Another one was killed using sabre.

THere are also ancient tombs in Moravia where people died killed by Hungarian arrows. These places are Bankovice, Breclav-Pohensko, Tesov. 

Sabre killed a man whose dead body has been found at Gars-Thunau-Fortress. These are other deads killed by Hungarian sabres. 

At the left side of Danube there is an ancient grave with a body blessed on the neck and shoulder by a Hungarian arrow. A similar case can be found in Utzenhofen, in Chapel of Saint Vitus Grave. There are several mass graves in these archelological places. Consequently there  have been lot of deads killed by Ancient Hungarians.  

There are other Early Middle-Ages remains showing Hungarian Ancestors warlike. One of these ancient remains is the Gravestone in Church of Basel and within the Chapel of Sainkt-Gal. Ancient writings at the bottom of the Grave tell that Bishop Rudolph has been burned by Pagans. 

Famous Chroniker of 11th century Hermann of Reichenau chronicled real facts. These are that Bishop was the victim of Hungarian devastations in summer of the Year 917. 

Lost Hungarian materials have had been located from adventures of 955. There are many sporadic remains. An example of Treasure of Ilanz.This Treasure is owned and exhibited in British Museum.  Coins belonging to that Treasure are coming from Berengar The First Period. Ancient owners have left them at the times of Hungarian Attacks of 917. Some denarius were hidden at the same period. Coins have had been discovered in 1854. The coins are from the Period of Louis The Child. 

Many cases prove the unsuccessful hide of treasures. Hungarians have had discovered these treasures many times. Lot of belongings obtaining to nobles and chapelles were owned during the ransom of detented soldiers. 

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 13)

Samans and Magicals the indinspensable men of Ancient Hungary

Saint Men are or were always present in each and every culture since the beginnings of human civilisations. They have had special tasks in their communities. THey kept contact with transhuman elements, God, transhuman forces, from one part.  From another part they have had community organizing functions and also curating the persons of their community. Ancient Hungarians faiths and believes kept these functions donating them to Magicals and Saint Men. 

The first appearance of samanism came in science of cultural anthropology and comparative theology. Description of Siberian populations  faiths, researches and reconstructions gave first results. Western science researches denoted later on samanism, as cultural functionalities, in case of all natural populations, primitive cultures. These are populations of United States, Oceanic, Asiatic populations. 

Central element of samanism is animism, which faith is discovering the universal and faith of God in each interpersonal and inter-grouping contact. Eg:Death, celestial, stars, ground, etc. Lot of scientists researched samanism as cultural phenomenon. Such scientists were Róheim Géza and Mircea Elidé, who researched comparative theological history. THey all considered the unique phenomenon of saman from birth. Samans got their unique and weird knowledge, unknown for their communities, after some initiations. 

Samans are or were often disguised wearing masks. These ornaments pointed their next world contacts. THey fighted with each other also. Their material was the samanic drum. Samanic drum made their able to transfer between worlds of underworld, between worlds of spirits and gods, and these worlds. All these transfers are symbolic:these transfers are the state of beeing in an ecstatic mind. They reached this mind singing songs, hitting the samanic drum on rhythm, or taking drugs. Such a drug was for example mystic champignon. 

Samans tasks were also to secure coherence of community, fertility, protection from pandemies. Although they kept weird contact with animals ancestors, too. At populations called Hungarian relatives were bear, wolf, cerf. In our language these animals have no names, their calling was banned. THey are named related to their particularities. Bear is the "honey eating", cerf and wolf were called related to their members of their body. 

Based on traditions samans are fighting with each other(changing their appearance to ship, horse, reinder or dragon). They could influence the weather also. THey brought rain or dryness. So they influenced the income of the coming crop. In case of death of samans, a younger saman takes his place. 

In Hungary the traditional world,and researchers like Diószegi Vilmos, Voigt Vilmos, Hoppál Mihály thought samans saints. A saman was often third or seventh child, or the child of a third or seventh child. Samans are mainly men, but in Eastern countries and cultures like China, Mandchuria, or Mongol Territories samans are women in several case. 

Particularity was of samans the birth with several corp members, more than normal dents, or more fingers. They drunk milk, or ate milk products.If they cannot, they are becoming angry and taking revenge on their hosting family.

He damned in these cases the family and sometimes for example the cow could not give milk.

Samans  often dueled with each other. Elder samans tried to kidnap young samans from their parents.  Age when they kidnaped changed. Some monts or in age of 1 year old.  In ancient times the babies when they were borned with dents, their baby dents were taken away, based on beliefs to avoid problems with old samans. THese samans and samans who lost in duels became "halfsamans". They know reasons of illnesses and medical herbs. They were unpatient, bargaining people, living alone far the community.  

General duel of samans is happening on sky, in form of storm. Clouds becoming bulls.They appear apparently and they disappear apparently.  They can give or take away fertility. 

Based on Hungarian faithes and beliefs samans have had their own villages and territories. These samans also fighted with each other. So a saman of a village fighted with a saman coming from another village. These fights derouled for the protection of health, job and life of a population of village. Róheim Géza considered the fights of samans a psichoanalitic subblimation. He thought that subblimation of mother and father and so sexual derivation derived out from these samanic fights.

Last Hungarian Saman 

Kálmány Lajos was a weird priest of the whole Bánság Territories. He was born in 1852 and died in 1919. He took his services in Csanád Church County. He travelled at Délvidék and collected religious texts. He was catholic. He was the last researcher of ancient Hungarian world of faithes and mythes. He searched the traces of Hungarian mythic world at the turning of 19th-20 th century. All that happened before modernisation of transport and communication. He also wrote books where he summarized his researches. According to Bálint Sándor(1904-1980) ethnograph researcher, he summarized mainly his researches done at Territories of Szeged. 

At the end of his life he broke with Catholic Church. He had also conflicts with bishops. His pension has been taken away. His necrologue was written some times after his death by Móra Ferenc(1879-1934) the famous writer, director of library and museum in Szeged.Móra called Kálmány Lajos the "last Hungarian Saman". Maybe it is not true, but he was a main researches of Hungarian archaic world. 

source:kalandosopusztaszer.blog.hu  

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Appendix 13.a)

Móra Ferenc 

Móra Ferenc was born at Kiskunfélegyháza. He died at Szeged. He was born on 19th of July 1879. He died on 8th of February 1934. He was a famous writer, journalist, director of library and museum. He was called the "Honorable of Makó". He was the younger brother of Móra István. He was the uncle of Móra László poet. 

He has been originated from a poor peasant family. His father was Móra Márton furrier. His mother was the baker Juhász Anna. He had difficulties to complete his studies, because of poorness of family. He got his diplome of geography-natural geography at Hungarian Scientific University of Budapest. He worked as assistant teacher for one year at Felsőlövő, at Vas Vármegye County. 

At the beginning of 20th century he became the collaborator of Szegedi Napló and he changed his living place to Szeged. He worked as chief editor of Szegedi Napló between 1913-1919. Until his death he worked for this paper. Merit of Szegedi Napló was to avoid the war propaganda. From 1904 Móra became clerk and librarian of Somogy Library and Palace of Public Culture. Although he worked as archeologist also. He completed the course of archeology organized by Surveillance of Libraries and Museums of Hungary. When Tömörkény István died in 1917, he got the position of Director of Museum. 

Móra Ferenc was member of Freemacons of Szeged between 1911-1920. He wrote freemacon poems and told initiating speeches. 

Studies about archeology concerning the discoverings around Szeged from paleolithic age represent serious value. Eg:Burries of Kunágota(Scientific Study of Archeology, Szeged 1926). Kunágotai Sírok(Régészeti tanulmány, Szeged 1926). 

He published in paper Délmagyarország in Szeged also. From 1922 he worked for Világ Liberal Newspaper. When this paper closed down, he published in Magyar Hírlap.Móra Ferenc plaquette of rememberance  is placed in Felsőlövő which county is today part of Austria.This Plaquette is placed to remember the  fact that he was an assistant teacher here in 1910. 

Writing career 

He began his writing career writing poems. Eg:Az aranyszőrú bárány, elbeszélő költemény, Szeged , 1902, Szegénysoron, Szeged, 1905. Later on he continued with poems. Eg:Könnyes könyv, Budapest 1920. In his romans he described the situation of dependence of peasant couche. Móra was an excellent prose writer. Excellent describings, very humorous when it needed, clear stylistics, reminding to everyday speech. He openly critised unjusticies of Horty Epoque. An example is the roman Hannibál feltámasztása.THis roman was published in 1955. This version was edited in Szeged, and has been censored. THe text has been censored or changed more than 200 times. It was made a movie from this roman, entitled Hannibál Tanár Úr in 1956. 

In 1905 he met Pósa Lajos in Szeged and Pósa oriented him towards litterature of youth.Móra published  in child paper Az Én Újságom from 1905. Until 1922 more than thousand Móra publications were edited. Their publications written for young people, were based on childhood reminescence. Móra became and was a classical writer of youngsters litterature. He established true friendship with Juhász Gyula.  

Móra publications were translated to several foreign languages. 

Archeological work

Móra took his work at Cultural Palace  in 1904. His job was to organize ethnographic collection.Although he participated in ethnographic collections, too. As a professional of museum and archeology his excavations  remains. At the end of excavations  the museum could not pay Móra but Tömörkény István director took more at a vice position, as professional prize winner.  Tömörkény sent him to accomplish his first excavation.The excavation at Csóka begun in 1907. This work was his biggest archeological work. In 1908 Móra participated on an archeological course at Kolozsvár, where he learned also tipology. Although he learnt the newest archeological methods, too. Since 1917 after death of Tömörkény Móra took the seat of director in Cultural Palace. Banner János was taken in 1920 to organize the numismatic collection. Banner already completed archeological work also, excavations in the county in 1925. Móra archeological work has spreaded, from 1924 he continued his widespread excavations in the whole territory of Dél-Alföld. In 1932 he excavated an urne from Bronze Age at the Lake Balaton region. 

During his museum work Móra continued 104 excavations. He wrote 12 archeological studies. The state of museums and Móra work at that era was difficult because of lack of money. Example was the undetermined excavations because lack of money. There are proves that sometimes Móra Ferenc financed some excavations, obviously in 1924 and after. 

At the beginning of his archeological career Móra Ferenc made some mistakes. One of these mistakes was lack of completed documentations. These mistakes were obvious at that period. But Móra work supported the development of system of modern detailed documentations. 

Private life

Wife was Walleshausen Ilona known in Hungary. She wrote cooking books took his husband name, Móra Ferencné, and the cooking book was edited several times. One child was born from that marriage, a daughter Móra Anna who appears in Móra Ferenc romans, under the name Panka. She married Vészits Endre engineer. From that marriage were born two children, Vészits Ferenc, "wild man", or "Ferenc Junior" and younger sister "Mötyő". The grandfather Móra wrote about them also in his publications.  Ferenc daughter was the grand- daughter Vészits Anna writer, dramatic advisor, researcher of Móra Ferenc. 

Publications 

Until 1919 

Kisteleki Ede-Molnár Jenő-Móra Ferenc:Az élet Drámai képsorozat,

Schulhof, Szeged, 1903 

Az aranyszőrű bárány/A bethlemi csillag , Szegedi Napló, Szeged, 1903

Falun-városon, Singer-Wolfner Budapest 1906 (Filléres könyvtár) 

Rab ember fiai Elbeszélés, Singer-Wolfner,1910(Filléres könyvtár)

Mindenki Jánoskája Elbeszélés, Singer-Wolfner, Budapest 1913(Filléres könyvtár) 

Csilicsali Csalavári Csalavér , Singer-Wolfner, Budapest 1913 

Filkó meg én .Elbeszélés a nagy háborúból a magyar ifjúság számára, Singer-Wolfner , Bp. 1915  

Kincskereső Kisködmön, Singer-Wolfner, Budapest 1918 

1920-1934

Emlékkönyv a Szegedi Kegyesrendi  Főgimnázium kétszáz éves jubileuma alkalmából .1720-1920 összeállította Móra Ferenc, Dugonics Társaság Szeged 1921

Könnyes könyv Móra Ferenc versei, Bittera Ny.Szeged, 1921

Dióbél királyfi és társai. Egy öreg ember emlékei fiatal gyerekeknek, Délmagyarország, SZeged 1922 

A festő halála, Regény, Kultúra , Bp. , 1922 (Magyar Regényírók) 

                                             (Négy apának egy leánya címen is) 

Az ötvenéves Szegedi Polgári Dalárda, Mars Ny.Szeged, 1922

Tömörkény  Délmagyarország Szeged 1922 

Somogyi Károly emlékezete, Bartos Ny.Szeged 1923 

Petőfi oltárára, Dugonics Társaság, Szeged 1924

Móra Ferenc-Wágner János:Természetrajz. A lányközépiskolák 2.oszt.számára Singer-Wolfner Bp. 1925 

Hol volt, hol nem volt.......Móra Ferenc meséiből, Délmagyarország, Szeged, 1925

Iparosok, császárok, királyok és egyéb céhbeliek, Az ipar, Szeged, 1925

Lovassírok Kunágotán, Városi Ny., Szeged 1926 (Csanádvármegyei Könyvtár) 

Georgikon, Királyi Magyar Egyetemi. Ny, Bp. 1926 

Sokféle, Lantos Bp. 1927 

Véreim, Lantos, Bp. 1927

Ének a búzamezőkről. Regény két kötetben Lantos Budapest 1927 

Beszélgetés a ferdetoronnyal, Lantos Bp. 1927

Csalavári Csalavér újabb kalandjai, Singer-Wolfner, Bp. 1927 (Az Én Újságom könyvei)

Nádihegedű Lantos Bp. 1927

Vasúti kaland Lantos Budapest 1928

Négy apának egy leánya .A festő halála új kiadása, Genius, Bp, 1930 

Az utolsó suba, Kner Ny.Gyoma, 1931 

Néprajzi vonatkozások szegedvidéki népvándorlás kori és korai magyar leletekben, Somogyi -könyvtár-Városi Múzeum, Szeged , 1932(A szegedi Városi Múzeum kiadványai)

Egy cár akit várnak, Genius, Bp,,1932(Móra Ferenc munkái Jubileumi díszkiadás) 

Emlékkönyv Móra Ferenc 30 éves írói jubileumára/Tanulmányok, Kunossy Ny,, Bp., 1932

Aranykoporsó, 1-2.,Genius, Bp. , 1932 (Móra Ferenc munkái Jubileumi díszkiadás) 

Emlékkönyv Móra Ferenc 30 éves írói jubileumára/Móra Ferenc versei, novellái, 2.jav.kiad, Révai Ny.,Bp. 1933 

Dióbél királyfi és társai, újabb, átdolg.kiad., Révai, Bp., 1934

Öreg diófák alatt, Révai, Bp., 1934

Daru utcától a Móra Ferenc utcáig, 1-2, Révai Bp., 1934

Az ezüstszavú harang, Révai, Bp., 1934 

1935-1944

A vadember és családja, Genius, Bp., 1935

A jó öreg Dugonics, Genius , Bp., 1935(Mára Ferenc hátrahagyott művei díszkiadása)

Göröngykeresés, Genius, Bp. , 1935(Móra Ferenc hátrahagyott művei díszkiadása) 

Túl a palánkon, Genius, Bp,, 1935(Móra Ferenc hátrahagyott művei díszkiadása)

Dióbél királykisasszony. Történetek Pankáról és egyéb mesék, Révai, Bp., 1935

Elkallódott riportok:Genius Bp., 1935 (Móra Ferenc hátrahagyott művei díszkiadása)

Ezek az évek 1914-1933 Genius Bp., 1935 (Móra Ferenc hátrahagyott művei díszkiadása)

Napok, holdak, elműlt csillagok, Genius Bp,, 1935(Móra Ferenc hátrahagyott művei díszkiadása)

Utazás a földalatti Magyarországon, Révai Bp,, 1935 

Parasztjaim , Révai, Bp, 1935 

Szegedi tulipántos láda, 1-2 , Révai, Bp, 1936 

A Sándor körül, Áchim, Bp, 1942(Százezrek könyve)

A fajtám. Elbeszélések, Stádium, Bp, 1942(Nemzeti Könyvtár) 

Válogatott elbeszélések, Révai, Bp, 1944

1945-1989

A jó Isten foltozó-szűcse Mesejáték 

Misztótfalusi, Bp, 1947(Népi műsortár)

A fele sem tudomány, Bibliotheca, Bp, 1948

Csicseri történet, Mesék, Testvériség-Egység Kiadó, Noviszád 1950

Elbeszélések, bev. B.Szabó György, Testvériség-Egység Kiadó, Noviszád, 1950

Mindennapi kenyerünk, ifjúsági kiad, Ifjúsági, Bp., 1952

Furfangos Cintula, vál, előszó Vargha Kálmán, Ifjúsági, Bp, 1953

Móra Ferenc ismeretlen levelei, jegyz. bev.Péter László, Csongrád Megyei Ny,, Szeged 1954(A Szegedi Egyetemi Könyvtár kiadványai)

A nagyhatalmú sündisznócska, vál. Vargha Kálmán, Ifjúsági, Bp, 1954

Hannibál föltámasztása, bev.Vajda László, Tiszatáji Magvető, Szeged, 1955

Az aranyszőrű bárány, Móra Bp. 1955 (Kispajtások mesekönyve)

A dorozsmai varjú. Elbeszélések, vál, sajtó alá rend, utószó Vargha Kálmán, Ifjúsági, Bp., 1956(Válogatás az ifjúság számára)

A világ így megyen.Válogatott írások, vál., jegyz. Vajda László, Szépirodalmi Bp.1956 

A város lúdja. Elbeszélések vál.Székely Erzsébet, Ifuúsági , Bukarest 1957 (Tanulók könyvtára)

Csengő barack. Mesék, összegyűjt., vál.Madácsy László, Ifjúsági, Bukarest, 1967

Királykisasszony macskái.Elbeszélések, vál.Madácsy László, bev. Lengyel Dénes, Móra Bp.1957 (Válogatás az ifjúság számára)

Kincsásás halottal.Elbeszélések, utószó Szenes András, Hírlapkiadó, Bp.1957(A Szabad Föld kiskönyvtára)

Fityók.Móra Ferenc meséje, Minerva Bp.1957 

Karácsonyfák útja Versek, mesék, elbeszélések,vál, szerk. Fazekas István, Gondolat, Hódmezővásárhely-Bp.1957

Nekopogi kovács. Elbeszélések, összegyűjt, vál.Madácsy László, Móra, Bp.1957(Válogatás az ifjúság számára. Móra Ferenc Műve)

Kis kanász,  nagy kanász Mesék, elbeszélések, vál.Székely Erzsébet, Ifjúsági Kiadó, Bukarest, 1958

Az utolsó lopás Elbeszélések , Állami Irodalmi és Művészeti Kiadó, Bukarest, 1958 (Kincses köynvtár)

Tápéi diplomaták, utószó Székely Erzsébet, Magvető, Bp, 1958(Vidám könyvek)

A honti igricek, vál,, sajtó alá rend.Vargha Kálmán, Móra, Bp., 1958 (Válogatás az ifjúság számára)

Zengő ÁBC, Móra Ferenc verses ábécéje, játékos olvasási gyakorlattal kieg.Justné Kéry Hedvig, Móra, Bp,, 1958

Móra Ferenc írásaiból Válogatás az általános iskolai tanulók számára, összeáll. , előszó, jegyzet Kerékgyártó Imre,Móra, Bp, 1959

Sétálni megy Panka....Gyermekversek, gyűjt.Madácsy László, vál, szerk. Szalontay Mihály, Móra, Bp., 1960 

Bolondságok, enyémek is, máséi is, összegyűjt., vál., sajtó alá rend,, bev. Madácsy László, Tiszatáj Írói Munkaközösség-Városi Tanács VB,, SZeged 1960 (Tiszatáj irodalmi kiskönyvtár) 

Hannibál föltámasztása, Irodalmi Kiadó, Bukarest 1961(KIncses Könyvtár)

Tápéi furfangosok. Válogatott elbeszélések, 1-2, vál. Péter László, SZépirodalmi, Bp, 1962 (Aranykönyvtár) 

A halhatatlan íróasztal. Válogatott írások, utószó Sőni Pál, Irodalmi, Bukarest, 1962

A holdvilág szűrei, Mesék, Ifjúsági, Bukarest, 1963 (Mesetarisznya)

Hoztam-e spanyolviaszkot?, vál.Kürti Pál, Magvető, Bp.1964(Vidám könyvek)

Eladó a cirmos, Móra, Bp, 1964 (Kispajtások mesekönyve)

A kéményseprő zsiráfok, Móra, Bp, 1969

Bolondságok, enyémek is, máséi is, sajtó alá rend., vál. bev. Madácsy László, Szegedi Ny. , SZeged 1969 

A kóchuszár , vál.,szerk.Schindler Frigyesné, Móra, Bp,, 1970

Hiszek az emberben.Tárcanovellák, vál.,bev, függelék összeáll. Varró János, Dácia, Kolozsvár, 1972 (Tanulók könyvtára)

A hatrongyosi kakasok. Állatmesék, vál. Madácsy László, Móra Bp. 1973 (Móra Ferenc válogatott művei az ifjúságnak)

Csicseri történet. Mesék,versek elbeszélések, vál.Madácsy László, Móra, Bp. 1974 (Móra Ferenc válogatott művei az ifjúságnak) 

A körtemuzsika Elbeszélések, mesék, vál. Sulyok Magda, Budapest Móra 1975 (Móra Ferenc válogatott művei az ifjúságnak)

Hendók mester és Busa deák. 

Elbeszélések, mesék , Móra Bp. 1975 

Móra Ferenc ifjúkori versei, szerk.Péter László, tan.Mezősi Károly, Móra Ferenc félegyházi élete, Városi Tanács Kiskunfélegyháza, 1976

Úri kalap.Válogatott elbeszélések, vál.Vargha Kálmán, Móra, Bp, 1977(Diákkönyvtár)

Titulász bankója. Történelmi elbeszélések, mesék, vál. Sulyok Magda, Budapest Móra 1977(Móra Ferenc válogatott művei az ifjúságnak)

Mórától, Móráról. Az író születésének 100.évfordulóján, összeáll. Megyer Szabolcs, Tankönyvkiadó Bp. 1979 

Igazlátók, vál. szerk.Lengyel Dénes Móra, Bp. 1979

Szögedinumdánum. Válogatott írások, szerk. Péter László, Szegedi Ny, SZeged 1980

Móra Ferenc levelezéséből. Az MTA Könvtára, az OSZK és a Petőfi Irodalmi Múzeum anyaga, sajtó alá rend.Kőhegyi Mihály, Lengyel András, Bács-Kiskun Megyei Múzeumigazgatóság, Kecskemét, 1980

Az ember feje nem füge, vál. szerk.Sulyok Magda, Móra Bp. 1981 (Móra Ferenc válogatott művei az ifjúságnak)

Somogyi Károly emlékezete, Somogyi-könyvtár, Szeged 1984

A magyar paraszt, előszó, jegyz. Szigethy Gábor, Magvető, Bp. 1985(Gondolkodó magyarok)

Mondák Móra Ferenc gyűjtéséből, Ságvári Nyomdaipari Szakközépiskola és Szakmunkásképző Intézet, Bp. 1985(Magyar mondák és népmesék)

Móra Ferenc családi levelezése, sajtó alá rend.Kőhegyi Mihály, Lengyel András, Katona József Múzeum, Kecskemét 1987 (A kecskeméti Katona József Múzeum közleménye)

A solymári csóka , Móra Bp, 1987(Csiperke könyvek)

A királykisasszony macskái, vál. T.Aszódi Éva, Móra, Bp. 1989

1990-

A cinegekirály, vál.szerk.Annus József, Móra Bp.1990

A csaló, bev. Tóth Vass Mária, vál.jegyz. V.Gál Ilona, Creanga Bukarest 1991

A cinege cipője, Polygon, Bp, 1991 

Tükrös Kata, Corvina Bp. 1992

Mindenki Jánoskája, Unió Bp. 1993

Nagyapó állatai, Kalligram Pozsony, 1994

Mondák és mesék,vál. Sulyok Magda, Ciceró, Bp. 1995(Klasszikusok fiataloknak)

Móra olvasókönyv 2 vál. szerk. Sarkadi Péter, Holló, Kaposvár 1997 

A jó Isten kenyérsütögetője, sajtó alá rend. utószó Csűrös Miklós,Unikornis Bp.1997 (Nagy magyar mesemondók)

Rege a csodaszarvasról Mondák és mesék, Black&White Debrecen, 1997

Móra Ferenc és Csóka, szerk. Berkovits György, Dudás Gyula Múzeum-és Levélbarátok Köre, Zenta, 1998 (Csókai füzetek)

Szeptemberi emlék. Novellák, emlékezések, vál.Fodor Irén, Polis, Kolozsvár, 1998(Remekírók diákkönyvtára)

Nevenincsen innen, Nekeresden túl, vál. T.Aszódi Éva, Móra Bp.1998 (Móra aranykönyvek)

A cinegekirály, összeáll. szerk. Berniczky Éva 2.bőv. kiad., UngBereg Irodalmi és Művelődési Alapítvány Bp. 1999

Várhidi Attila:Játsszunk színházat!Dramatizált népmesék, Lázár Ervin, Móra Ferenc mesék, sulikomédiák, gyermekszínjátszó rendezőknek, pedagógusoknak és bábosoknak, Tóth Könyvkereskedés, Debrecen, 1999 (Szín-játék-tár)

Az égbelátó, Móra, Bp.2000 (Zsiráf könyvek)

A fenyőfa alatt. Móra Ferenc karácsonyi írásai. összeáll. Kőrössi P.József, Noran, Bp. 2003(Írók Karácsonya)

Írások Csókáról, összeáll. Olajos Laura, Bába Szeged, 2004 ISBN 963-9511-92-7

Hannibál feltámasztása, szöveggond. Hegedűs Mária, Láng József, Péter László, utószó Péter László, Argumentum Bp. 2004

Hiszek az emberben, szerk. Kindelmann Győző Szt.István Társulat Bp. 2004

Mátyás az igazságos, Puedlo, Nagykovácsi 2005

Bolondságok, enyémek is, máséi is. Móra Ferenc füveskönyve, összegyűjt, vál, sajtó alá rend, bev, Madácsy László, Lazi, Szeged, 2005

Állatmesék, Puedlo, Nagykovácsi, 2005

Mesék Mátyás királyról, Anno, Bp, 2005

A hunok hazát keresnek. Mondák a magyar történelemből, Anno, Bp, 2006

Hogyan tanultam meg írni. Mesék a diákévekről, Anno, Bp, 2006

Olaszországi csavargásom,Eri, Bp. 2006

Bolondságok, enyémek is, máséi is. Móra Ferenc füveskönyve, sajtó alá rend, bev. Madácsy László, 2.bőv. kiad, Lazi, Szeged, 2006

Kótyomfitty király almája. Móra Ferenc meséi, összeáll, szerk, BOzsik Rozália, Novum, Bp, 2007(Magyar meseírók)

A világ vándora Móra Ferenc meséi, Aquila, Debreceen 2007

"......visszajöttem az öreg iskolához....."

Írások Móra Ferenctől diákkoráról, diákkorából, szerk.Kapus Béláné,Constantinum Intézmény , Kiskunfélegyháza 2008

Öreg diófák alatt. Elbeszélések, Szent Maximilian, Bp. 2009(Szent Maximilian családi könyvtár) 

Petőfi oltárára, Kiskunfélegyházi Petőfi Sándor Alma Mater Társaság, Kiskunfélegyháza, 2009 

Iparművészet, Magyar Szépmíves Céh, Pécs 2011

Himnusz a búzamezőn Istenes versek, szerk, Kindelmann Győző, utószó Alszeghy Zsolt,Szent István Társulat Budapest 2012

Címtelen könyv.Versek, sajtó alá rend. Lengyel András, Móra Ferenc Múzeum -Wesley, Bp,-Szeged, 2014

A pillangók királya, vál, szerk, Hunyadi Csaba Zsolt , Lazi, Szeged, 2014

Olvasókönyv Móra Ferenc műveiből, szerk. Lukács Zoltán, Holló, Kaposvár, 2015

Sohase volt jó az a nagy sietség.Derűs magyarok. Válogatott elbeszélések, vál, szerk. Bányász István, Bujdosó Hajnalka, Allegro Könyvek -Medio, Bp, 2017

Gyűjteményes sorozat(1958-1967)

Móra Ferenc összegyűjtött művei 1-13

Magvető, Bp, 1958-1967

Betűrendes mutató Móra Ferenc összegyűjtött művei köteteihez, összeáll. Páter Lászlő, Somogyi Könyvtár, Szeged, 1969

Véreim/Parasztjaim, sajtó alá rend, magyarázó szótár, jegyz, Vajda László és Madácsy László, 1958

Sokféle/Egy cár akit várnak, függelék jegyz. Madácsy László , 1958

Elkallódott riportok/Napok, holdak, elmúlt csillagok. Karcolatok, sajtó alá rend., jegyz, magyarázó szótár Madácsy László és Vajda László, 1958

Beszélgetés a ferde toronnyal/Túl a palánkon. Elbeszélések, olaszországi, franciaországi és spanyolországi útiélmények, sajtó alá rend, Vajtai István, jegyz, magyarázó szótár Vajda László 1959 

Georgikon/Nádi hegedű, szerk, sajtó alá rend, Vajtai István, jegyz. Vajda László, magyarázó szótár Vajda László, Madácsy László 1959 

Négy apának egy leánya. A festő halála/Hannibál föltámasztása, utószó, jegyzet Paku Imre 1960

A vadember és családja/Göröngykeresés és más csöndes történetek, szerk, jegyz, Vajda László 1960

A fele sem tudomány/Utazás a földalatti Magyarországon, sajtó alá rend, Madácsy László, szerk, jegyz, magyarázó szótár Vajda László, 1960

Szilánkok, szerk, összegyűjt, utószó, jegyz. Vajda László, sajtó alá rend, magyarázó szótár Vajtai István, 1961,

Aranykoporsó.Történelmi regény, utószó, jegyz., Vajda László 1961 

Daru utcától a Móra Ferenc utcáig szerk, jegyz, Vajda László, 1962

Szegedi tulipános láda, sajtó alá rend., függelék Paku Imre , 1964

Memento, vál, szerk. Vajda László, jegyz. Bölöny József, 1967

Berűrendes mutató Móra Ferenc összegyűjtött művei köteteihez, összeáll, Péter László, Somogyi Könyvtár, Szeged, 1969

Gyűjteményes sorozat(1979-1989)

Móra Ferenc művei, 1-12, Szépirodalmi, Bp, 1979-1989

Daru utcától a Móra Ferenc utcáig, szöveggond, Vészits Ferencné, 1979

Aranykoporsó, szöveggond, Vészits Ferencné 1979

Négy apának egy leánya /Véreim , szöveggond.Vészíts Ferencné, 1980-1989 

Napok, holdak, elműlt csillagok /A fele sem tudomány, szöveggond, Vészíts Ferencné, 1980

A vadember és családja/Nádihegedű, szerk, szöveggond, Vészits Ferencné, 1981

Hannibál föltámasztása/Ezek az évek 1914-1933, szöveggond.Vészits Ferencné, 1981

Sokféle/Utazás a föld alatti Magyarországon, szerk,

Beszélgetés a ferde toronnyal /Túl a palánkon, szöveggond, Vészits Ferencné, 1983

Göröngykeresés/Parasztjaim, szöveggond, Vészits Ferencné, 1984

Ének a búzamezőkről.Regény, szöveggond, Vészits Ferencné, 1985

Egy cár akit várnak/Elkallódott riportok, szöveggond, Vészits Ferencné,1986

Georgikon/Könnyes könyv, szöveggond, Vészits Ferencné, 1989

Társasági tagság

Dugonics Társaság 

Petőfi Társaság(1915-)

Szegedi Múzeumbarátok Egyesülete

(alakult 1920 február 29-én, Móra tagja lett az intézőbizottságnak)

Kisfaludy Társaság(1931-1934)

Származása

Jegyzetek 

Források 

source:Wikipédia-Móra Ferenc 

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 14)

Karakürt Zenekar, Karakürt Band

I heard Karakürt Zenekar music, which seems firstly unconventional, on a vernissage at Magnet House in sixth district of Budapest this summer, in 2024. 

This band goes on the road of Hungarian spiritual traditions.They are raising towards future, they are a link, a bridge between past and future, 

source:Életmódváltó Klub-Karakürt koncert 

Vörösmarti Imre

Musician, music composer, singer and buzuki player. He is the composer of Rock Opera Production, Blood of Vazul and other music compositions. He founded Karakürt Band with his wife Vörösmarti Anikó, singer and video artist.  

History of Arms of Ancestors and Early Hungary(Part 15)

History of Holy Crown 

History of Holy Crown was full of vicissitudes during the centuries. During Hungarian history the Holy Crown took place on heads of Kings and became also a sacral project of Christian Religion.The Crown has been born at the Era of Kings  of Árpádház and soon after it was related to the person of Szent István. Importance of this act was the legitimacy of power of Hungarian Kingdom. Possession of Crown was highlighted during the Era of Kings of Mixed Power because validated crowning happened only "putting" THe Holy Crown. Nobles wanted the guard and intrusion concerning The Holy Crown. The y tried to push their interests during the crowning oath. 

THe study of Holy Crown comes from Middle-Ages. Goal of this study was to replace the study of Theory of State, this law study, not existing at that Era. 

It founded the independant Hungarian statement of state also. THe basic idea of this study was the "body or corp" of Holy Crown. The role of crowning and the importance of crowning gradually decreased internationally, the endevaour of Joseph THe Second, II.József has failed. Revolution and Fight for Liberty of 1848-1849 took down The Holy Crown from the Hungarian Herald, the Crown had a great respect. Aim was also to safeguard it from Habsburgs. During The Settlement of 1867 THe Crowning got great importance again.

During Second World War The Holy Crown Symbols were  undertaken to serious vicissitudes again. After the World War came the emigration for 33 years. The political importance of Holy Crown is shown by the importance of Symbols until now. End of communism highlighted this importance.From the Era of democratic changes debates began about technical questions, concerning The Holy Crown, concerning the presentation in State Herald, the place of presentation of Crown, the guard of Crown, etc. In the newest era some new theories came in, related to esoterism and mysticism. These are keeping the question in the center of interest.  

source:A Szent Korona története-Wikipédia

Polish-Hungarian Association

"Wegry i Polska to dwa wiekuiste deby, kazdy z nich wystrzelil pniem osobnim i odrebnym, ale ich korzenie, szeroko rozlozone pod powierzchnia ziemi, i splatalie zie i zlastaly niewidocznie. Stad byr i czerstwocz jednego jest drugiemi warunkiem zycia i zdrowia". 

Stanislaw Worcell(1849)

"Magyarország és Lengyelország két örökéletű tölgy, melyek külön törzset növesztettek, de gyökereik a föld alatt messzire futnak, összekapcsolódtak és láthatatlanul egybefonódtak. 

Ezért egyiknek a léte és erőteljessége a másik életének és egészségének feltétele". 

Two citations written in Polish and Hungarian showiing strong association between Poland and Hungary. What are the racines of this association and why this association is so strong?History of both of the two countries. Modern Poland and Hungary. THis chapter details these topics. 

Approximately the Polish population of Hungarian Republic is 10-12 thousand.So the number of Polish minorities in Hungary is not too extensive but their influence and the influence of Poland in Hungary is main. Proof is the visit and speech of Polish Prime Minister of Mattheus Morawieczki in Budapest on March 15 in 2019 in Budapest.Hungarian Prime Minister Orbán Viktor invited Mr. Morawieczki officially to Hungarian National Fiest.

Topics

I.History of Polish-Hungarian Association

Middle-Ages 

I.1.Árpád Era 

I.1.1.Stanislaw Worcell

His life 

Worcell and Hungary 

Rememberance of Stanislaw Worcell

Translation 

Resources 

I.2.Anjou Era 

I.3.Era of Zsigmond and Hunyadi

i.4.Era of jagello 

i.5.EArly modern age 

post mohács era 

era of báthory istván and rákóczi

from chasing out ottomans until enlightement

19th century 

Polish friendship of Hungarian reformists 

Polish heroes of 1848-1849

Polish workers in Hungary 

20th century 

First part of the century 

Hosting of Polish refugees during the Second War 

Holocaust of Poland and Hungary 

From 1945 until democratisation

From 1989 until unified European Union Membership 

21st century 

Years 2000 

Years 2010 until 2020

MIddle-Ages

Árpád Era 

Polish and Hungarian relationships have been influenced by facts of dynasties in the Era of Árpád and Piasts. Two dynasties were related by familial contacts. They found refuge at each others or asked help from each others.These facts influenced historical background and relationships of both Polish and Hungarian Nation.

Second wife Adelejda of Prince Géza.Adelajda is the daughter of Prince Semomysi. First wife of Vaillant Boleslav was the daughter of Prince Géza.

Her name was Judit.She was the daughter of István THe Saint The First. Fruit of this marriage was Bezprym(968-1032) who exiled to Hungary.In Hungary King István The First his uncle has given him land at Balaton-Highland.According to a legend Veszprém brings his name.

In the Era following the death of István The Saint, Princes of Árpád Dynasty, András(Andrew), Béla and Levente exiled to Poland.They have seeking refuge against Peter.Andrew The First(András) has dethroned Peter taking taking help from Poland.Andrew was followed on the throne by his younger brother Béla.The First wife's daughter Rycheza, daughter of Mieszko The Second, Béla fighted in Polish Army against staff of Pomerans of Baltic Region.That is the reason why he could marry Rycheza, Mieszko daughter.

In this marriage were born three sons.Later on two of them Géza The First and László The First have had become Kings of Hungary.Ladislaus The Saint(Szent László) won over the Hungarian and German Army of King Salomon with the help of Boleslav The Second(Audacious) King of Poland.

Ladislaus The Saint was born in Poland.According to some sources his mother tongue was Polish also.As consequence he became Patron Saint of Hungarian minorities in Poland.Boleslav The Second(1058-1080) has had been excommunicated by Pope Gregory The Sixth.Boleslav The Second was brother-in-law of Béla The First.After that event Boleslav The Second accompanied by his son have seeking exile in Hungary.They were bravely welcomed by Ladislaus The Saint.

Let us evoque the marriage of Boleslav The Fifth and Kinga.It has happened in the Year of 1239. Boleslav was thirteen years old.Kinga was Hungarian Princess. Princess Kinga was two years older than Boleslav. She was fifteen years old.Year of 1241 was also the Year of devastation of Poland.Couple of Prince, Kinga and Boleslav escaped to Podolin first.From Podolin they exiled to the Castle of Csorsztin at the left side of Dunajec.Prince Boleslav The Pious of Kujavia married Happy Jolan older sister of Kinga.Both of two marriages influenced Polish-Hungarian relations positively.Both of Polish Princes helped their father-in-law Béla The Fourth against Ottokár The Second King of Tchéquie in the war.

István The Fifth has visited personally Boleslav in Krakowia and allied with him in obstinacy and protection.Károly Róbert(Charles Robert) King of Hungary and Ulászló King of Poland allied.Charles Robert King of Hungary helped Ulászló against Order of Knighthood in Germany.The Year is 1220 when Károly Róbert married Lokietek Erzsébet(Elisabeth Lokietek). Elisabeth Lokietek was Ulászló daughter. 

1335 is the Year when negotiations of Hungary between János(John) King of Tchéquie and Kázmér The Third King of Poland have succeeded.The result of these negotiations was strenghtened in November at King Meeting in Visegrád. 

János renounced from the Kingdom of Poland. King of Hungary and King of Poland as judges have had judged that Kujavia and other territories belong to Poland. As judgement of both kings, Pomeran Territories belonged to Germany.Exactly Territories of Pomerania have belonged to German Knights.

Tchéquie and Poland could not agree concerning their debates of Silezia.

Before that political event an economic agreement was signed between Tchéquie and Hungary in Trencsén.Aim of this Agreement was to stop the right of Vienna of stopping commercial goods.Commercial route of Hungary and Germany must have gone through Tchéque Territory.THat was the Year 1339 when Kázmér pointed one of the sons of Károly(Charles) as hereditaire of Throne of Poland.In case if he would die without male hereditaire.

In the Era of Anjou Kings-Years of Polish-Hungarian Cultural Union-agreements between the two countries have had developed and flourished notably.

Goldsmith craft flourished notably in both of countries.Bases of flourishing craft art were that masters have had arrived from Italy to the Royal Court of Károly Róbert.These masters of craft art worked for the Royal Court of Krakowia also. They teached new and unknown techniques in Royal Courts to local craftsmen.As consequence local craftsmen opened their workshops.

As economical flourishing of that Era, Hungary was the richest Kingdom of gold and silver mine treasures.

Nagy Kázmér(Kázmér The Great) founded Krakow University.Consequently Hungarian students completed their studies in Krakowia. Monastery of Jesna Góra was founded by Hungarian Monks of Order Pálos in 1380.At that occasion sixteen Monks of Order Pálos travelled from Buda to Czestohowá. 

During centuries Order of Pálos perished. Consequently in 1934 from Czestohowá to Hungary 16 Monks have travelled to reinforce Order of Pálos.

There is a legend of three oceans in Hungarian Empire.THis Legend comes from Era of Nagy Lajos(Louis The Great) and Era of Personal Union(1379-1384). This Legend is always a Legend without any historical background.Hungarian Kingdom has had a gate to Adriatic Ocean.Moldavian Principality has had not been part of Hungarian Empire.After retiring of Golden Horde weekened to the Territories of Moldavia, Louis The First established Feoffee with Roumanian Kenézség.

Frontieers of Poland did not reach Baltic-Sea in Years of Personal Union. Due to the fact that Louis The Great(Nagy Lajos) could not leave sons hereditaires to the world he disposed to throne the oldest daughter Mária after his father death. Heredity has been forced by King and accepted by German Emperor, Polish Emperors, and Anjous. Mária was crowned by Hungarians at Székesfehérvár in 1382 death of Louis The Great. Mária Governing Era were years of disturbation. She was 12 years old when crowned. She was the first woman to be crowned. 

As Polish Powers did not accept Mária on the Throne, they crowned Hedvig the younger daughter of Louis The Great. Queen name of Hedvig was Jadviga during her Kingdom from 1384 until 1399.Due to Jadviga young age(10-12 years old) Polish lords obliged Jadviga to marry Jagello Ulászló Prince of Lithuania.  Marriage happened in 1386. As an antecedant Prince Jagello has had been christianized. At time of marriage he was crowned and became King of Poland. He was Jagello Ulászló The Second. So The Personal Union between Poland and Lithuania composed. As a matter of fact Kingdom of Poland has had become the biggest and powerful State of the Region at that Era. When he began his reign Ulászló The Second was thirty-five years old. He reigned until 1434.

Anjou Hedvig, Jadviga, who reigned as Queen of Poland with his husband until her death.  Her great merit was to help Lithuans christianization. She contributed to the development of University of Krakowia also. In Polish mind she lives as Sacred Personality. She was the Protector Saint of Biecz, Early Polish-Hungarian King City.Biecz played main role in progress of Polish-Hungarian Economic Relationships. 

I.1.1.Stanislaw Worcell 

Let us mention Stanislaw Worcell also from who the above citation comes. 

His entire name was Stanislaw Gabriel Worcell.  His birth place was Stepan The Region Wolyn. He was born on 26th of March 1799. He died in London on 3rd of February 1857. Stanislaw Worcell became known as politican, political thinker, and public writer, publicist. For Hungary he is important because of that fact of beeing Kossuth Lajos friend and compagne in his London emigration period. 

life of Stanislaw Worcell 

Birth place can be found in the present region of Ukraine. He was born after the three distribution of Poland. He originated from Count Family.He studied at Lycee of Kremenyec. Kremenyec School has been founded by Tadeusz Czaczki and Hugo Kollataj.  Before the Era of Big Szejm this school was the center hereditaire of civil teaching reforms. 

Stanislaw Worcell took interest to contemporary ideas of Europe already in his early years. Main interest was utopistic socialism.He was freemason also.He was member of a masonic lodge.During revolts against Russia in November he fighted in Wolyn in 1830.For his military activity he was rewarded getting the Highest Polish Military Reward, Order Wojenni Virtuti Military. Order Wojenni Virtuti Military was founded by Szaniszló Ágost The Second in 1792 for those soldiers who participated in fights against Russians and Revolt of Targowice to protect The State of 3rd of May. Stanislaw Worcell got the reward on 11th of August 1831. Stanislaw Worcell was elected to Sejm founded after the revolts. 

After failure of Revolt of November like members of Great Emigration(Wielka Emigracja) he exiled to France. From France he travelled and stayed in England. He participated in work of Poland Immigrant Organizations. In the beginning of his emigration he has had influence and membership in the left wing Society of Poland Democratic(Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie) founded in 17th of March 1832. He left this Society in 1835 and he became one of the founders of Lud Polski. Gromady Ludu Polskiego, Organization of left wing side, radical. Lud Polski was composed mainly of soldiers. After he was founder of Union Emigrant(Zjednocenia Emigracji) and finally he returned to Polish Democratic Union. 

One of his friends was in London Giuseppe Mazinni politican Italian. Another friend was Kossuth Lajos  with whom  they influenced each other. 

Under pseudoname Gryzomir Tukan he was also member of a freemason association(Towarzystwo Szubrawcow). Towarzystwo Szubrawcow critised backwardness, contact between nobles and peasants, drunkeness, gambling and antinationalism. He accused nobles of Poland because problems of Poland.Aims of the Organization was liberation of villains and reforming lands.Anyway because of excessively left-wing oriented, members have opposed to members of mainly nobles and isolated themselves.

Stanislaw brother was Mikolaj Worcell deported to Caucase in 1827. He has been liberated in 1848 and returned to Poland.

worcell and hungary 

Worcell was also political thinker.Main idea of his career  has been independance of Poland and Hungary.Based on his political thoughts after disorganization of States three political systems will found. This political region should include France of Western-South Pole, Spain and Italy, , Central Region should include Germany and occasionally The Region of Scandinavia, Eastern-Region should include Poland, Slavs, Hungary and Roumanians.He visioned a Central and Common State of East to counterbalance strong power of Germany and Russia. 

He disagreed with the fact that Slavonic Populations fighted against Hungary during the Revolution of 1848-49. Thus they weekened the possibility of an alliance. He considered that both Federal and Central State can unify populations and living together. Main thing is respect of each other and recognition, liberty. 

In the beginning of years 1850 Kossuth and Worcell thought that Revolution is not yeat lost. Eastern-Europe must be upraised. Worcell became supporter of socialist revolution. Kossuth recognition gone until recognizing and remedy social problems. Worcell and Kossuth, like Mazzini, wanted to upraise the fire of revolution organizing local conspirations and revolts. During The War of Krim between 1853-1856 they opposed to each other. 

Kossuth proposed the organization of Regions of Hungary and Poland.He proposed also to ally with Turkey, France, England and Piemont.

Worcell and Polish people mistrusted Napoleon THe Third and English Prime Minister Palmerston.  After fighting down Russia they did not give help to Poland. Austria allied also to them. Although to political debate, Kossuth Lajos stayed friend of Worcell but turned to Ludwik Mieroslawski. 

Rememberance of Stanislaw Worcell 

Remeberance of Stanislaw Worcell can be emphasized in his citation above which begins the topic about him. His idea is often recited in Polish-Hungarian relations.

The Statute remembering to Stanislaw Worcell was initiated in 2006.  THe Statute was initiated in Győr and the form is two oaks grown together. 

As a gift from the 25 years old Polish Institute in Budapest in 2014 a wallpainting was created on the wall of a building in Klauzál Street in 7th district of the Capital. Form of painting are the two oaks and Worcell citation.

source:stanislaw worcell-wikipedia text 

Era of Zsigmond and Hunyadi 

Era of Jagello 

Jagello Dynasty has been Dynasty of Lithuania. Jagello Dynasty was also a Polish-Lithuanian  Dynasty. This Dynasty played an important role in Polish and Hungarian history. Beginning of Jagello Era in history can be counted when Jagello Ulászló (Wladyslaw) Prince of Lithuania married Hedvig Queen of Poland. Hedvig was the smaller daughter of King Louis THe Great(Nagy Lajos Király). Great merit of Jagello The First was the victory over the Army of German Knights. For this victory he unified military corps of Poland, Lithuania, Tchequie, Russia, Rutenia, Havasalföld in July 1410.Victory happened at Grünwald. THis military lost ruined Feodal State. 

Time passing Jagello Dynasty and Hungary were in close relationship.  Ulászló The Second, son of Jagello Ulászló THe Second and Anjou Hedvig, was crowned by Hungarian Realms in 1440(Ulászló THe First). He found death in fights of Várna against Ottomans in 1444. His follower on Throne was his younger brother Kázmér THe Fourth(Casimir).Casimir The Fourth was Prince of Lithuania. Casimir The Fourth reigned from 1444 until 1492. 

His wife was Elisabeth daughter of Habsburg Albert, King of Hungary.THe oldest son of Elisabeth and Casimir has been elected king by Tchéques in 1471. He was elected by Hungarians in 1490.  This King name was Ulászló The Second reigning from 1490 until 1516. His first wife was the widow of Hunyadi Mátyás The First. He is the well-known King Matthias, Mátyás Király The Just. Wife name was Beatrix. Beatrix was Princesse of Naples. Mátyás has been followed on Throne by the son from second wife, Princess of France, Louis The Second(1516-1526). THe King died in fight of Mohács. Death of Louis The Second, Jagellos Dynasty of Hungary died out.Before diing out Last Jagello was on Polish Throne King Zsigmond THe First(1507-1548). His daughter Izabella(Isabelle) has been married by Szapolyai János, King of Hungary.Anna another daughter of Zsigmond was married by Báthory István Prince of Erdély. 

Next Era will be Early Modern Age.  

Post Mohács Era 

Szapolyai János seeked refuge at Polish Dynasty. Sultan of Ottoman Empire supported him. Main reason of asile seeking of Szapolyai János can be explained of Zsigmond residence in Buda as Prince. During that residence wife, Jagelló Izabella with child János Zsigmond reigned in Transsylvania(Erdély). In the Era of Reformation Transsylvania became the complex region of Polish-Hungarian intellectual association.

Erdély was the territory of asilum of people who denied the Holy Trinity. THeir Hungarian name is Unitárius. Aim of Zsigmond Ágost King of Poland(1548-1572) was to strenghten Erdély.Earlier contacts have been relied on Association between King of Poland and Princes of Erdély.

Era of Báthory István and rákóczi dynasty 

Year of Reunion of King election in Warsaw was in 1573. There were four candidates for the Throne of Poland.  Báthory István has had no chance. French Henry Valois was elected but he escaped. Reason of his escape was the death of his brother. 

In the newer reunion of election Báthory István got only one vote. Negotiations have began and Báthory promised to marry Jagello Anna. So in 1876 he was crowned King.He negotiated between Polish groups of nobles.He could reconcile them. He continously mentioned the example of broken Hungary into three parts.He solidified Republic of Nobles of Poland and inner equilibre worked. His efforts to strenghten power of Kingdom succeeded also. All these efforts resulted victorious military expeditions and wealthy economy.He planned to establish an Association of Central-Europe against Ottoman Empire. THis Association would be the pillar of these wars against Ottomans. After his death this central power destroyed. Final result was the falling apart of Poland.

Princes of Erdély organized Hungary liberation under Ottoman power asking help from Poland.They saw the example  of Báthory István. These plans aimed their realisations against Habsburgs. THe Austrian Empire. The misadventure of Rákóczi György The Second in 1657 shows these facts.

Thököly Imre was helped by a Polish Second Army payed and recruited on French money. This Army counted 2-4.000 soldiers. This Army was recruited in 1677 relied on Warsaw Pact. 

From chasing out of ottomans until enlightement 

Ottoman Empiire weekened at the end of 17th century. Breaking down of Ottoman Empire became reality. This fact was real although Ottomans sieged Vienna in the Year of 1683.Sobieski János THe Third(John Sobieski) 1674-1696 allied with Austrian Empire so THe League Saint was formed.(Szent Liga).  

Armies and Corps of Szent Liga chased out Ottomans from Hungary.These fights have been bloody and long fights. Polish Armies played an important role in 1683. They liberated Párkány and sieged and occupied Castle of Esztergom. 

After chasing out Ottomans, Hungary suffered Habsburg reign.Hungarian insurrectionists called Kuruc in Hungarian found refuge in Poland.Polish land was a reliable shelter for these Kuruc soldiers thanks to contacts between Sobieski and Thököly Imre. 

Rákóczi Ferenc The Second escaped from the Prison of Bécsújhely in November of 1701. He refuged to Poland.There he lived in Warsaw and Krakow. He exiled. His compagne was Bercsényi Miklós. 

When he returned to his home country Polish help came to him.In 1703 he got help from Prince Stanislaw Leszniczki. Prince Stanislaw Leszniczki was the opponent of Rákóczi for the Throne of Poland.Peter The First Tsar of Russia supported Rákóczi Ferenc.

Epidemie of bubonic plaque made Village Derenk extincted in 1711.Counts Eszterházy the possessors of this village settled Polish villains coming the Region ofSzepesség Gorál into Derenk.

Dynastic relations disappeared in 18th century.Decrease and the Three Division proceeded Enlightement and French Revolution and their theses spreeded both in Poland and Hungary.At Eperjes was formed The First Freemacon League.THis Lodge was formed by Polish influence. Hungarian Jacobin intellectuals supported reforms of Great Sejm and Kosciusko and mourned lost of Battle of Mercijowice(1794).

19th century 

Lost of Polish Independence gave new perspectives to Polish-Hungarian relationships.At the beginning of 19th century Poland participated in Napoleon War because Polish people believed the return of the unity of Polish State from Napoleon.Hungarians fighted against Napoleon in Habsburg Alliance. Hungarian desire was the "rainy, silencious springtime and long war". The Saint Alliance divided Poland at COngress of Vienna in 1815.Western Parts of Poland having high-economy were annexed to Kingdom of Prussia under the name of Poznan Grand Duchy. Central and Eastern-Regions were annexed to Russia under the name of Kingdom of Poland.Gallic Region was annexed to Austria. Ancient Polish Statement was represented by Republic of Krakowia. 

Polish people wanted to restore divided Polish State unity. Year of Revolt was 1830. At that occasion Counties of Hungary organized bals and donations to help Poland.General Assembly of County Bars asked King of Hungary Ferenc to support Poland in a written request.Young people worn Polish dresses.Lot of people escaped at the frontieer to fight side by side with Polish revoltants.Opposition leaders Deák Ferenc, Kossuth Lajos, Kölcsey Ferenc, Vörösmarty Mihály and Bajza József have taken solidarity with Polish people.Polish revoltants were defeated at Ostrojeka in 1831 by Russian Corps.Russian Corps occupied Warsowia and bloody repression followed.Polish historical writing science notes political refugees of that Revolt as Great Emigration.Revoltants were mainly nobles and soldiers.Less were the intellectuals. Polish refugees got help everywhere.Police of Vienna investigated against subversives. House searches proceeded in lot of places.Later on these investigations stopped because of protest of counties. Consequence was liberty of subversives not arrested by Police of Vienna. Such a few stayed in Hungary.THese few stayed mainly at Pest, Bratislava and main cities in Highland. Notable Highland City is Bártfa where a subversive niche formed.

Polish heroes of 1848-1849 

Both of Polish and Hungarian Nations brightest historical chapter is The Revolution of 1848-49. In this Revolution fighted Generals Jozef Bem(Bem József) and Henryk Dembinski.Anyway thousands of Polish soldiers and officers participated in this Revolution.

Polish populations of Hungary supported also Revolution of 1848-1849 in March of 1848. Polish people of Pest organized torchlight procession welcoming representants of Polish Gals coming to Pest and searching relations with actual governement of Hungary.Leaders of Revolt of Vienna and Poznan exiled to Hungary. Kossuth welcomed Polish soldiers in Hungarian Army.Bem, Dembynski, Wysocki, Bulharin who amongst others fled to Hungary were well trained soldiers.From Emperor side there were also masses of soldiers fugitives in Hungary.Such and example was Miecyslaw Woroniecki, Prince who joined with his soldiers the wars of South-Region in Autumn of 1848. Aim of Polish soldiers was the organization of a legion.General Bem thought Polish military participation within the army.

Military corps of Bulharin and Woroniecki fighted in the Army of Damjanich and Görgei. Bem directed Armies of Transsylvania.In springtime of 1849 Kossuth Lajos delegated Dembinski for Commander-in-Chief Post.Dembinski has been fired from this post because of defeat at CHapelle.Although Polish Armies fighted in important wars.

At Szolnok in 5th March 1849 Ulans of Wadyslaw Poninski.

Horse riders of Jagmin of Hatvannai József.

ulans at Tápióbicske

Kossuth saluted Ulans taking off his hat at Gödöllő. Legion of Poland was founded at 6th of May 1849. Occupation and taking Buda back can be called the baptism of fire. Taking back of Buda was planned four military corps of Ulans, three walker bataillons, and six artillery battery.In the Army of Bem József in Transsylvania another Legion has been organized.It was main in arrest of Russian attack in 1849. Last bataillon of Revolution, The Bataillon of Temesvár was lead by Dembinski first.After his blessing Bem took leadership. Reprimation of Revolution, Polish populations emigrated.

Polish Martyrs of Hungarian Revolution Miecislaw Woroniecki, Karol d'Aboncourt de Pranqueville, Konrad Kazimierz Rulkowski. 

In the soldiers Army served three military judges of Polish origin.They were Nizsalovszky Andor Antal and András.

polish workers in hungary 

In Polish of Congress Revolt of January started in 1865. Hundreds of Hungarians fighted here side by side with Polish.Eg:Eszterházy Ottó, Colonel of Horse Armies, Major Nyári Ferenc. Although we can cite Lieutenant Wallis Béla or common soldier Hermann Ottó.

After the failure of Revolution circa four thousand refugees came in Hungary.Nearly all settlements in Hungary have had a Polish citizen.Millions of Polish people fled mainly Gallic Region.They travelled mainly to Europe and United States searching work and better life.

First waves of Polish immigrants searching work in Hungary reached Hungary in years of 1880.These Polish found work in industry and construction areas. Polish communities, colonies formed in Budapest, Kassa, Miskolc, Pozsony.In summertimes circa 8-10.000  temporary workers came in.

Polish Cultural Associationns formed fast. Polish Association of Polish of Budapest was formed in 1883.SYLA THE Association of Teaching of Workers formed in 1895.Let us cite the Polish clubs ad restaurants of that Era.

20th century 

Era of Dualism until 1914

Monarchy of Austria-Hungary founded in 1867 has been Bipolar State.Military affairs, foreign affairs, and financial affairs, financing them relied Hungary and Austria. All these departments were directed by 60-60 individuals.Except these official affairs Hungary owned independance.

Form of State of Hungary has been established.It was Constitutional Monarchy.Emperor Ferenc József (Francois Joseph) kept his positions.He directed the Army of Monarchy.Settlement between the two countries did not make the independence certain but gave compromise.

Census of 1900 recensed 50.182 Polish citizens in Hungary.During the First World War in 1916 their number was 36.524.Compared to other nationalities and populations their number was very small.Real Polish village colony formed in Kőbánya.Polish workers in Kőbánya worked in factories, porcelain manufactory, stone-mines, beer factory.In Kőbánya for Polish colonies Polish Church has been constructed.

Miklós Ferdinánd Leo(1889-1968) founded Hungarian-Polish Association.First President of this Association was Baron Nyáry Albert(1871-1933) artist painter and historian.Hungarian-Polish Association founded in the beginning of First World War. The Polish Military Committee recruited circa thousand of voluntary soldiers for Polish Legion.Voluntaires fighted side by side with Joseph Pilsudski for independence of Poland. They stayed in touch with Polish Legions and in 1939 they participated in Second World War also. 

During Monarchy exigences of Hungarian political leaders concerning territorial unity, Hungarian governing within Hungary, protection against Russian and German exigences could not be supported giving some victims.

Economic settlement realized also. Organization of common affairs happened by shares re-negotiated every 10 years.Based on shares of 1867 Hungary contributed to common affairs giving 30 percent of charges.Austria contributed giving 70 percent of charges. Common market of Empire formed, common currency has been introduced.Capital and work force flow was free within the Empire.Tax, Mesure, Mass-Media have been coordinated.

All these dispositions secured the rapid economic development of Hungary.THis development favorised agriculture, showing fundamentals of the country.

Date of Settlement with Croatia is 1868. According to this Agreement Croatia owned autonomy of interior and territorials affairs.Nation of Croatia was recognized as political nation.Croat language become official language, szabor worked, Parliament of Croatia delegated 42 represantants to Hungarian Parlament.Autonomy of Croatia is an example of how to manage optimally and positivly European Affairs of Nations and Nationalities.Anyway Croates started to think or deal about trialism which means three poles of Empire. These three poles would have been Vienna-Budapest-Zagreb.Emperor rejected this political ambition like Tcheque ones.Croates rejected the fact that Fiume stayeed Hungarian Territory.

politics of nationalities and minorities in the era of dualism

Content 

Hungarian Politics of Nationalities

Hungarians and Nationalities 

Ethical minorities, jews and gypsies 

 sources 

life and work of eötvös józsef (Law of mother tongue for minorities).

hungarian politics of nationalities

The date is 1868 when Law of using mother tongues for minorities was created.THis Law came from Eötvös József.Later on Hungarian governements deviated from that Law and forced magyarisation.Main politican forcing magyarisation was Bánffy Dezső who forced the name changing also.Concerining names of places, later on using magyarised names was obligatory and became official.Education was also forced.Hungarian language and Hungarian point of view in history teaching dominated.

According to Lex Apponyi of 1907 this Law declared that teaching Hungarian language was obligatory at schools, public or private ones.

hungarians and nationalities

In the Era of Dualism economic progress raised national ego of Hungarians.At that Era because of immigration of national entites and assimilation of these entities mainly to Budapest, the number of Hungarian population has grown.This growth was without Croatia from 41.5 percent to 54.5 percent from 1850 to 1910.

Aside Hungarians Croatia was recognized as Sovereign Political Nation.That is why the Settlement happened between Hungary and Croatia in 1868. Croatia has had own Parlament, could delegate own represantants and became richer with regions of frontieer and Slavonia.Germans mostly recognized and symphatized with Hungarians.Saxons of Transsylvania lost their privilegies so they thought their German identity more important.Aside some smaller fights they cooperated with Hungarians.This cooperation also targeted against Roumania of Transsylvania beeing in majority in this region.

Situation was very sharpened with Roumanians.They did not support unification of Hungary and Transsylvania.Another Principalities have had unified.These are Moldva and Havasalföld.Roumanians of Transsylvania desired to unify with these Regions.More lawsuits proceeded at that period.Well known was Lawsuit Memorandum in 1892.ROumanians submitted their Memorandum to the Emperor.View the fact that this act meant, intervening to Hungary interior affairs, Emperor rejected and sent back to Hungarian Governement.Memorandum was published and opened to great public.Memorandum hurted nationalities rights.Because of publishing Memorandum some persons were arrested and sentenced.Dimitrie Sturdza considered that cooperation between Roumania and Hungary should be necessary but Hungarians should renounce their desire of magyarisation.

Congress of Nationalities held in 10th of August 1895. Result of this Congress was a common point.Participants of Nationalities were Slovaks, Serbes, and Roumanians.Main poiint of this Program was the aim to establish autonom counties and language borders.They reclamed the deviation from the Law of 1868.One of the appearances was the citation was the citation concerning general, secrecy and equal ballot. This endeavour did not realized.

ethnical minorities jews and gypsies

At that Era because of migration number of jewish citizens has grown.They gained their legal, equal rights in 1867.1895 was the date when Jewish Religion became equal.Thus Jewish emancipation realized.Jewish people had strong religious identity and they identified with Hungarian national identity.

Because of their social situation antisemitism occurred.Hungarian antisemitism did not and could not find support within governement.Eg:Suit of Tiszaeszlár of 1882.

Gypsi population could be hardly defined.Census of this period asked and scanned mother tongues of minorities.Established life became more and more popular amongst romas.Gypsies worked as craftsmen(eg:profession of smith).

source:hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Nemzetisegi_politika_a_dualizmus_koraban

life and work of eötvös józsef

Baron vásárosnaményi Eötvös József Károly Bertalan Adalbert was born in Buda in September the 3rd on 1813.He died on Pest on 2nd of February in 1871.He was Hungarian lawyer, writer, Minister of Religion and Public Education of Governements of Batthányi and Andrássy.He was the First President of Hungarian Scientific Academy from 1866 until 1871.He was The First President of Association Kisfaludy from 1860 until 1867.He is the son of politican Eötvös Ignác and father of physican Eötvös Lóránd.

content

life  

family

memory

publications

origin

notes 

sources

other informations

life 

He was son of Baron Eötvös Ignác and Baron Lilián Anna palace lady.He studied at high-school of Royal Catholic of Budapest and on faculty of letters and history on University of Pest.He studied from 1826 until 1831.His spiritual and mental arise was influenced by Pruzsinszky József who believed in French Enlightement. Pruzsinszky stirred up young Eötvös interest in politics and philosophy.He became close friend of Szalay László.Thanks to Szalay his literary interest forced.

Eötvös was present in Parlament of Bratislava of 1832.He completed his special lawyer examination in 1833.He became deputy clerk in Fejér County in 1831.In 1835 he entered Hungarian COurt of Chancellery and he started his work of drafter.He got his job of public judge of Court of Appeal of Eperjes in 1837.His career of public clerk broke until his career of Minister of Public Education and Cultural Affairs.

He travelled in Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, France, England.THese travels served to collect literary and political impressions.Hungarian Scientific Academy elected Eötvös in 14th of September 1835.He became member in 23rd of November 1839.Later on he got his nominations of Secondary President in 1855 and President in 1870.

Until 1840 he lived in Sály in Borsod-County on his father's property.Here he devoted himself to literature.Before the Parlament of 1840 he took his flat to Buda and later on Pest.

His literary career began with the roman The Carthausian(A Kartausi).This roman brought him recognition and success both in litterary world and public life.After election he became member of Kisfaludy Association on 25th of November 1838. It was renewed in 1847. Later on 24th of May 1860 he was elected President of Kisfaludy Association.

Other romans

clerk of village(1845)

hungary in 1514(1847)

sisters(1857)

He published his political theories in his romans, in his theater plays, and in Pesti Hírlap. 

His declarations created whole books concerning the amelioration of jails.His main protector was Szemere Bertalan.After coming home he wrote about necessity of ameliorating prisons.

THanks to his publications in Parlament of 1840 the affair of ameliorating jails took place. Parlament declared its committee and Eötvös took place in it.

In 1840 he was member of Upper House and parlamental opposition.He left deep impressions because of his cultivated mind and rhetorical talent.In one of his first speeches he protected jewish emancipation.In 1841 he published his developed speech.In his speeches he supported Lower House submittings.Sometimes he devoted from his party point of view but he was right.Exemple is religious affairs.

These affairs were finished based on his oppinion.

THe date was 1841 when Count Széchenyi István attacked Pesti Hírlap the prestigious newspaper of that era.Baron Eötvös supported Kossuth Lajos and wrote pamphlet "People of East and Pesti Hírlap". He presented himself in Parlament of 1843.Baron Eötvös was one of leading personnalities of members of Upper House aside of Counts Batthányi Lajos and Teleki László.Pesti Hírlap became speaking tube of 1844.Baron Eötvös worked closely with Szalay László. At that time he had respect and prestige.Here he declared the fact that to prosper Hungary the only solution is parlamental governing.He published his articles in his book entitled Reform.The book was edited in Leipzig in 1846 and Pest in 1868. The book had appendixes and explanations entitled Tasks(Pesti Hírlap 1847).

Response of governement was the administrating system to reformist endeavours.THus opposition unity strenghtened.Eötvös was one of those to strenghten unity forgetting earlier blessings.Later he included idea of parlamental governement to political opposition programme.

His chances to be elected to Parlament of Bratislava in 1847 in Békés County where he has had estates were minimal.SO he renounced.He stayed at home and travelled to Bratislava after the district rassembly of 3rd of March of 1848. Thanks to Eötvös the idea of 1848 was a glory.The First Responsible Ministry formed.Eötvös got Department of Religion and Public Education.Eötvös, Deák Ferenc and Széchenyi István formed the group of Centralist and Moderated politicans.Eötvös forwarded his Bill in the beginning of August but the opposition attacked the forward.Finally he carried through.

He patroned the Settlement with Governement of Empire but things went towards revolution.After stepping down of Batthányi Lajos, Prime Minister of that Era, and bloody events of 28th of September(lynching of Count Lamberg at Lánchíd) he travelled to Vienna to his family and after to Munnich.From there he devoted his life to litterature and his studies of history and humanities.

He came back to Hungary in 1853 and retired to his Buda house.At that year he published his work in German detailing endeavours and garanties of Austria superpower.The book was edited in German in Vienna and Leipzig.The book was misunderstood.Lot accused him to sacrifice inherited laws of Hungary to Austria.After putting down Revolution he became leading figure of national liberalist movements.He wrote his main work in emigration.

Power of leading theories of 19th century to state(1854).From the year of 1855 he lived only to fulfill Academy Scientific and Kisfaludy Association. Both Associations were reorganized by him after the Revolution.He was elected President of Academy Scientific in 1866. In 1861 he returned to political scene.He has been elected candidate of Pest City. His speech of 17th May became famous concerning the debate of titeling answering.Aim of speech was to decide tasks in European point of views.In debate proposition of Deák Ferenc won against Teleki decision-proposition.After he returned back to litterature.

Baron Eötvös as Member of Pest Parlament presented himself in rassemblies.

During years of Temporary Era he orated to the Nation from Presidential Seat of Academy Scientific.

Eötvös followed Deák politics in Parlaments of 1861, 1865, and 1867.So this politics was identified with Eötvös.He orated once again concerning minorities and after declaring Parlament of 1865 he started his newspaper entitled Political Weekly(Politikai Hetilap). 

Politikai Hetilap opened debate on Settlement.He participated in Settlement.

He got the Department of Public Education and Religion again in Governement of Count Andrássy Gyula(1867-1871).Circumstances became favorable.He declared the Liberal Law of Popular Public Education(1868 38.t.c.). He started reforms of middle and high-schools.He proposed the Liberal Minority Law.This Law was liberal in Europe of that Era.

He wrote about Jewish emancipation in 1840.When law declaration became possible the first law was equality of jews(1867 17.t.c.).He created Congress of Israelite for the purpose that jews can take direction of their affairs of religion and education.He gave to Orthodox Church the complete authority with Congress of Serbia and Roumania.He moved the question of autonomy of Catholics from the dead point.He declared the Law of children born from mixed marriages(1868 53 t.c.).

Other laws of Eötvös concerning liberty of religion were less successful because of opposition of catholics.

During the debate of finance of 1870 opposition attacked Eötvös vigourously.

Thus Eötvös broke down.He travelled to Karslbad to recure but in December of that year he became seriously ill.He died in Pest in 2nd of February 1871.

He has been buried in Ercsi in familial grave.His statue was raised in 1879 at the Sauare of his name.

Family 

He married barkócy Rosty Ágnes Katalin Anna in Pest on 13th of September 1842.(Pest 21st of September 1825-Iharos 9th of May 1913).Katalin Anna was palace lady of Queen Elizabeth.She was daughter of Barkócy Rosty Albert(1779-1847) deputy-lieutenant of Békés County.Mother was Eisenbergi Eckstein Anna (1801-1843).Later on because of marriage he became brother-in-law of Trefort Ágoston.Trefort married with younger sister of Ágnes, Rosty Ilona.Rosty Pál geographer became also brother-in-law.Rosty Pál travelled in Texas, New-Mexico, Mexico, Cuba and Venezuela.He was photographer also.He is also remebered as discoverer.He travelled between 1857-1859.Eötvös Jázsef and wife had five children.

Ilona(1846-1924) husband földeáky Névay Lajos(1842-1905) h.Jolán(1847-1919) husband báró pallini Inkey István(1842-1905).

Lóránd(1848-1919) professzor of physics, minister, wife Horváth Gizella(1853-1919) 

Mária(1851-1928)husband Ernst von Plener(1841-1923)Minister of Finance of Austria

Dénes(1854-1854)

rememberance

Collegium Eötvös József(within ELTE)

Eötvös cornice

Eötvös József Price

Eötvös József Association of Liberal Thinking of Pedagogy

Eötvös József high-school Budapest, Heves, Szeged, Tata

Eötvös József Elementary School and High-School Nyíregyháza

College Eötvös József Baja

Eötvös József technical school and college of Seregélyes in Fejér-County

Eötvös József Musical Elementary School Ercsi 

Eötvös József Chapelle and Obelisk Ercsi  

Eötvös József Memorial Museum(Eötvös József House Ercsi)

Statue of Eötvös József Ercsi 

Castle and courtyard of Ercsi 

Eötvös József Professional High-School Székelyudvarhely 

Eötvös József General Cultural Center Diósd 

Eötvös József Elementary School and Art Institut Hajdúböszörmény

Eötvös József Elementary School Sajókeresztúr 

Eötvös József Catholic Elementary School and Kindergarten Orosháza

Statue of Eötvös József Orosháza

Eötvös József Evangelist High-School, Health -School and Artistic Professional High-School Sopron

publications

Apotheose of critics written by BEJ Pest 1831

(reprimand in lawsuit Conversations-Lexikon against Bajza József)

Mariing comedy 3 acts written by BEJ Pest 1833 

Vengence(sic) sorrowful play in 5 acts Pest 1834 (played in Debrecen in 21st of April 1836)

Angelo after dr.Hugo Victor (Pest 1836)

Declaration concerning the amelioration of jail to Deputy of Borsod-County (Pest 1838)

Die Emancipation der Juden. Aus dem Ungarischen übersetzt von Hermann Klein(Pest 1840) (2nd edition 1841 in the same place, in Hungarian edited in Budapest Szemle and separetely Budapest 1892 Online 

https://archive.org/stream/azsidkemancipc00etgoog#page/n4/2up) ISM Nemzet 55 sz. in Italian 1842 in the same place 

Kelet Népe and Pesti Hírlap https://reol-eod mtak.hu/2668 (Pest 1841) real-

The carthausian (Pest 1842 Two books Reprinted Atheneum 1841) 

Memorial speech above Kőrösi Csoma Sándor 

https://real-eod.mlak.hu/12817(Pest 1843)

Clerk of Village Roman (Pest 1845) three books 

Reform Leipzig 1846 (and Pest 1868 German language dr H translation Leipzig 1848 Online 

https://archive.org/stream/diereforminunga00etgoog#page/n7/mode/2up)

Hungary in 1514 Roman (Pest 1847)(2nd edition Bpest 1886 3rd edition same place 1892

in German Dux Adolf translation same place 1850) 

Über die Gleichberechtigung der Nationalitaten in Österreich(Lipcse Leipzig 1850) 2nd edition Vienna 1851 3.k.Pest 1871 Online 

(https://archive.org/stream/überdiegleichb00etgoog#page/n7/mode/2up))

A XIX.szazad uralkodó eszméinek befolyása az álladalomra 

(https://mek.oszk.hu/06600/06619/index.phtm).Bécs és Pest 1851, 1854) két kötet (Az OSZK Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár programjában) 

Nővérek Regény (Pest 1857) két kötet 

Elbeszélések (Pest 1859)

Die Garantien der Macht und Eincheit Oesterreichs(Lipcse 1859)

Felelet b.Kemény Gábor néhány szavára(pest 1860)

Die Sonderstellung Ungarns von Standpunkte der Einheit Deutschlands.(Lipcse 1859). (írta egy magyar államférfiú, németből ford.Toldy István Magyarország különállását Németország egységének szempontjából Pest 1861)

Emlékbeszéd gr.Széchenyi István felett Pest 1860 

(Németül uo.1860)

1861 máj 17 tartott országgyűlési beszéde (Pest 1861)

(Németül uo1861)

Gyöngysarok b.Eötvös József összes szépirodalmi műveiből fúzte Vachott Sándorné(Pest 1861)

Gondolatok(Pest 1865)

A nemzetiségi kérdés(pest 1865)Németül 

(https://archive.org/stream/dienationalit00etuoft#page/n3/mode/2up)

B.Eötvös József költeménye(Budapest 1871)

(Székely Bertalan és Lotz Károly rajzaival)

A vallás-és közoktatási m.k.miniszternek az országgyűlés elé terjesztett jelentése a népiskolai közoktatás állapotáról(Buda 1870-71) két rész

Für den Ganz des Hauses.Nach einem unvollendeten Romane des Verf bearbaiter und erganzt von Adolf Dux(Wien 1873)

origins

Family Tree of Eötvös József 

Notes 

Sources

Further information

Source:Eötvös József(író) Wikipédia Eötvös József writer Wikipédia

hosting of polish refugees during second world war

Polish refugees in Hungary 1939-1945

Content

Antecedants, diplomatic contacts between the two countries between the Two World Wars

Hosting of refugees,organization of Polish Home Opposition

Evacuation of Polish soldiers and social network of Polish refugees 

Secret negotiations-Consequences of German occupation

Sources

Notes

Jozef Beck-Life and work

Gróf Teleky Pál-Life and work

Antall József Senior life and work

Antall József life and work

Józef Pilsudski life and work

Antecedants, Diplomatic contacts between the two countries between the two world wars

While Poland and Polish people profitated in regard of closing of First World War, Hungary suffered.

Poland was reborn in a positive manner.Hungary suffered of Versailles Treaties. Two-third of Hungarian Territories were annexed to neighboring countries so people of these territories became citizens of neighboring countries.Ethnical and political conflicts persist until now as consequences of Versailles Treaties.Eg:Situation of Hungarian minorities in Kárpátalja, Ukraine.

Hungarian-Polish Frontieer of thousand years come to an end.Treaties of Versailles came with hard economic and international consequences to Hungary. Polish and Hungarian friendship and association weekened.

At that time social compound and problems of both countries are similar but ideas concerning foreign politics show difference.

Poland centered his efforts to maintain obtain territories(status quo).Hungary endeavoured to recapture lost territories.THe point of vue of Hungarian foreign affairs was to convince Polish colleagues about differentiate Hungarian peace process and deroulement of other territory arrangements.It was out of conditions at that time.Polish thought that peace processes are not independant because in this case the system breaks down.

There happened some secret diplomatic contact establishments between Poland and Hungary in 1920's in time of Prime Minister Bethlen István.Success was to Hungary to retain Poland to enter Small Antant.

Concerning Poland it was necessary to retain taugh friendship of Hungarians towards Germany and also to ease angry re-alliances amongst Hungary and Roumania and also Hungary and Yougoslavia.

Main changes occurred in Hungarian-Polish foreign cooperation when in years 1930 evidence highlighted concerning Hitler aims to parcel territories of Tchecoslovakia.So State of young Tchecoslovakia would have been finished.Relationship concerning State of Tchecoslovakia was the main foundation of relations between Poland and Hungary.Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Józef Beck relied on Hungary to establish Alliance from "ocean to ocean".Foreign politics of Eduard Benes politican Tchecoslovak has been supported mainly by France.Although leadership endeavouring of Tchecoslovakia stopped Poland plans in Eastern-Europe.This situation was supported by the fact that economic situation of Poland was less favorable then situation of Tchecoslovakia.At that Era Tchecoslovakia was an industrially developed country.Standing out of Polish foreign politics was helped by a Polish-Hungarian "gentleman agreement".This was  a non-written military agreement, alliance.Meaning wanted showing "successful political cooperation".

Hungarian and Polish cooperation has been main before 1934 mainly in culture.Later on political visits started also.Such an example was the visit of 1934 of Gömbös Gyula and Kánya Kálmán to Warsaw.In 1936 Polish Prime Minister Márian Zyndram-Koscialkowski took a visit in Hungary.For that occasion was edited the Polish-Hungarian bilingual album. In 1938 Governor Horthy visited to Warsaw.Cultural politics of Klebesberg Kuno played main role in foundation of Polish-Hungarian Cultural Institut.To avoid German agression diplomatic corps of Poland and Hungary coordinated their strategies against Tchecoslovakia.An agreement born in September of 1938 on handing over of Szudéta Region.This Agreement came from Prime Ministers of England, France, Italy and Germany.Because Germany needed Szudéta Region, peace should have been maintained.Poland has not been invited to negotiations.Regions over Olza and Teschen were annexed to Poland.

According to the First Declaration of Vienna, Hungarian Army occupied South Part of Slovakia where Hungarian population is considerable.The date of occupation was 2nd of November 1938.Military reattachment of Kárpátalja resulted the reassemblement of Polish-Hungarian frontieer(15th of March 1939).According unspoken of German Governement, occupation of these territories happened between the 15th and 18th of March.Territorial question of Slovakia seemed main question.Good alliance of Beck, Prime Minister of Poland, with Slovakia gave reason to the Hungarian Governement of Teleki to prospect annexing Slovakia to Hungary.THis plan crossed Hitler endeavours.Hitler decided to support the Sovereign State of Slovakia.Warranties arrived to Poland about French and English support.Although Hitler decided to attack.Hitler decided The Fall Weiss Plan on 11th of April.He broke Friendship Contract with Poland that he signed in 1934.Although negotiations stopped. In month of April German press raises propaganda activities against Poland.Hungarian people accentued their aversion for German press.Demonstrations and orations highlighting friendship of Poland and Hungary suited.A vernissage of art followed in Warsaw attracting masses.Declaration of Csáky István Minister of Foreign Affairs appeared also in press on 27th of April 1939.

He ordered Villani Frigyes Ambassador of Hungary in Rome to ripost in case Berlin should ask statement of Hungary.

Hungary is allied to German Empire.In case of armed conflict against Poland Hungary does not participate.Not directly nor indirectly.Indirectly means crossing by walk or vehicles the territories of Hungary to attack Poland will be rejected.In case Germans menace with agressions and armed attack, Hungarian answer will be armed attack.All those who enter to Hungary without permission are ennemies.

Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs emphasized the fact that Hungary does not want to be part of a German-Polish war.

Main goal of visite of Prime Minister Teleki Pál and Csáky István Minister of Foreign Affairs was to consolidate Polish situation.Date was April 1939.

Ribbentrop outraged because of Plan Axis Rome-Belgrad-Budapest-Warsaw.This Plan was edited in German language paper Pester Lyold published in Budapest.Answer of Teleki was mediation between Polish and German.Ribbentrop thought this negotiation not useful.He believed German leading was overwhelming.In case of military demonstration England would betray Poland. Warsaw signed the Commercial Act between Poland and Hungary in 29th of April 1939.Consequences were economic losses.THis Act and related facts deepened uncertain political situation of Hungary and Governement of Hungary.Germany showed hostility concerning association between Poland and Hungary.

To avoid German hostility Budapest made some steps.International Associations manifested for the maintaining of Polish-Hungarian friendship at the Anniversary of Death of Pilsudski.Polish Institute of Budapest opened at Pázmány Péter Scientific University in 26th of May 1939. Opening was initiated by Polish Governement and got Hungarian support.Hungarian Governement did not contract friendship association but he assured about it.

When reelected Horthy told that law of real friendship relies us to Poland.After a break of century Poland re-became our neighbor.

Csáky István attired the attention of Leon Orlowski Ambassador of Poland in Budapest to the fact of arriving of a crisis in German-Polish relationships.He did not believe that a war will follow.He expounded Hungarian point of view that Hungary would never provoke an armed conflict against Poland.In 24th of July Teleki wrote two letters to Hitler.Hitler dismayed concerning point of view of Hungarian foreign politics. In first letter Teleki accentued Hungarian belonging to Axis powers.In second one he emphasized moral reasons.He could not begin war against Poland for moral reasons.Polish-Hungary sympathy manifestations increased such a point that Ernst Woermann Vice-Foreign Secretaire announced to Sztojay Döme Ambassador of Hungary the stopping of supplying of some army materials until uncertain points of view of Hungarian Governement.

Attacks of Luftwaffe against Poland began in 1st of September 1939 at 4.40 noon.Five minutes after the attack The War Boat Schleswig-Holstein fired also to Fortress Westerpalette from Gdansk-Gulf where he stayed on visit of friendship.Mainland corps attacked Poland from North, South and West.

On 3rd of September England,Australia, New-Zealand, France, Canada, Norvege declared war to Germany.Governement of Poland got only empty promises.Poland stayed alone in war fightings.German Corps reached Warsaw on 8th of September and fenced the town.Polish Citizens fighted with national soldiers to maintain Warsaw.On 17th of September Soviet Red Army broke into Warsaw according to Secret Clause Molotov-Ribbentrop.

Second Front founded Polish Governement sent his Corps partly to Roumania, partly to Hungary.Governement transferred his residence to allied Roumania. In hopeless situation Warsaw surrendered.Prime Minister of Roumania was interned and fled members of departments were also interned.General Headquarters were ordered to stop political activities.All this happened for French intention.Wladislaw Sikorski who resided in Paris was charged to create governement.Here established The Polish Governement of Emigration.After falling of France in 1940 it was transferred to London.

hosting of refugees and organisation of polish opposition

Following the attack of Poland Germany always tested friendship of Hungarian Governement towards Poland.On 7th of September Count Csáky István Minister of Foreign Affairs got denial concerning invasion of Roumania.Csáky renounced the transferring of some territories of Poland.He believed that Hitler planned to cross Poland.Day was the September 9 when a phone demand named the railway Kass-a-Homonna -Lupko for military corps transferring.Minister Csáky denied to permit.Later Ambassador of Germany in Budapest got a list of it.Hitler did not look as it as an ultimatum but time passed he reproached it to Hungary.

First Polish refugees crossed Hungarian border individually.They crossed in small groups and masses between 10-17th of September.Positive approach of Teleki Governement to civil and military refugees was main because Polish-Hungarian common frontieer and solidarity of Hungarian population would not have been enough.Debates happen on the number of Polish refugees arrived to Hungary.Some estimations take this number between 100-140.000.Other estimations take the number between 50-55.000.Different estimations have several reasons.THere are no valuable statistics from first monthes.Lot of people did not stay in Hungary because openness of frontieers between Poland and Hungary and also between Hungary and Yougoslavia.Counting became more difficult because several persons have been registered on the same name in lists.THis process was needed because of situation against Germany.Some point of views tell 70.000 thousand refugees who arrived to Hungary.

Governement of emigration established in France began to construct political and military network to create military and civil contacts with Poland under military occupation.It was helped by neutralism of Hungary, Roumania, Yougoslavia and Italy to Poland.Aim was to establish a combat ready Polish Army in France.Illegal military bases establishment began in Roumania, Lithuania and Hungary.

Above the military bases of three countries the Hungarian based survived until the end of war.THeir covering names were "W-set", "Romek", "Liszt", "Pestka".Their tasks were maintaining military contacts and organize military escape to France.

Polish Refugee Organizations in Hungary had a role between Emigrant Governement and Home Resistance. THe date of foundation of Underground Combat Association Armed(ZWZ) was 13th of November 1939. Later name was Army of Home.Leader who was appointed by Prime Minister was Sikorski Kazimierz Sosnowski.THis Army served as home force of governement.

Role of mediation of Esterházy János President of United Hungary Party of Tchecoslovakia gave possibility to General Sosnowski to arrive to Ungvár disguised.Targeted visit aimed meeting with Prime Minister Wladyslaw Sikorski.He negotiated in Budapest in autumn 1939.

Esterházy János mother Polish Countesse Elzbieta Tarnowska and younger sister with family lived in Poland.Esterházy János took main role of lodging and suppliing refugees of Poland in Hungary.He was member of Parlament of Slovakia and enjoyed parlamentary privilege.He transported Polish people between the frontieer of Slovakia-Hungary.Although he helped in arrangement of safe deposit of Polish Treasures in Hungarian National Museum.He also helped of arranging banking deposits in Credit Bank of Hungary.

Captured or surrendered Polish soldiers to Germans got help from him because he made use of his contacts with slovak authorities. 

To arrange refugee question Polish governement cooperated with Teleki governement from 17th of September 1939. Committee  came several times to Budapest.Members were Kobylansky Chief of Cabinet of Polish Foreign Minister, President of National Bank of Poland Jerzy Nowak and some officers of governement.As result of negotiations Polish-Hungarian Committee of Affairs of Refugees founded.

evacuation of polish soldiers and social networking system of polish refugees 

According to Department of Military Affairs to date 22nd of September 1939 fundamental principle was that military refugees from Poland have not been considered prisoners of war.

They were considered as interned foreigners.They lived as interned in Hungary.

Csáky wrote as follows in his daily report about communication to Ambassador of Poland in Budapest.

1.Transiting soldiers:according to war law we disarm them and take them to intern camps.

2.Civil refugees.We differentiate a.those who supply themselves and b.those who need supply.

Category a. people are treated as any foreigners coming to Hungary.Other  categories are placed to refugee camp.

Militaires interned were taken to worst circumstances than civils.141 military camps have been suddenly established.Men of the rank and officers of lower grades were accomodated in schools, villages, usine buildings.Field officers were accomodated in separate camps for officers or they lived in sanatoriums, hotels, villas.Number of military camps diminished to 21 in half-years.Most of soldiers traveelled to organizing army in France.

Back to late autumn 1939 evacuation became organized.Earlier they travelled alone and COmmittee of Refugees helped them with documents and money.Politicans and officers of high rank travelled(eg:Kazimierz Sosnowski, Stanislaw Sosabowski, future commander of First Independant Parachutiste Brigade).

Representation of Polish soldiers functioned in Department 21 of Ministry of Military Affairs.This authority was wider than civil one.Second stage of occupation began from May 1940 to England because France has been occupied by Nazi Germany.Affairs of military refugees were undertaken by colonels Baló Zoltán and later Utassy Zoltán.

Due to the fact that between civil refugees there were lot of children and women.Teleki Governement implemented social decisions concerning them.Social decisions were executed by IX.Supliing of Poors and General  Aid and Social Department.

Keresztes Fischer Ferenc Minister of Interior Affairs delegated Antall József Senior to direct the Department.Antall József arranged Polish refugee affairs until Nazi occupation of 1944 as Attaché of Governement.Affairs of civils did part of this work officially.In reality he had take care of military intern camps.First part of evacuation finished, civil refugees could take individual supply.

They could have daily extra honoraires depending on number of their family members and scolarity.They received aid after their families if they worked.Soldiers got their pay.Hungarian-Polish Committee of Refugees, Polish-Hungarian Association of Assemblies, and Hungarian Red Cross supported refugees from the beginnings.Aid was only enough to daily life.Later Polish politicans got out off Hungarian-Polish Committee of Refugees and created Polish Civil Committee.THis Committee represented affairs to Hungarian Governement.

Social support meant not only aids.Main tasks were establishment of education and health systems.

Elementary and high school education.Education had high importance because at that period 200 high school students and 300 elementary school pupils came to Hungary.They came without their parents.Elementary and skilled worker education got official recognition because of German authorities.High-school and superior education were not offficially recognized.From the autumn of 1940 elementary and high-school are transferred to Balatonboglár and these institutions continue their work under the name Youth Camp. Leader of Youth Camp was Varga Béla parson, representant of Independant Smallholder Party.This school was the only Polish language and Polish syllabus school in Europe.Polish Institute kept close contacts with several schools(elementary schools in Kadarkút, Keszthely, Nagykanizsa, Eger, etc).Education of jewish children of Poland and their living were also resolved.An outstanding example was The Home of Polish Orphelins Officers of Vác.

Superior education process of Polish students to superior education has been submitted. Circa 500 Polish students participated in Hungarian education of colleges and universities.Finishing their studies after the war they returned to home country and have rebuilt intellectual professions. 

Health care system:Medical supporting system was founded for Polish refugees. Group of Polish medical doctors functioned through Red Cross. Polish Military Hospital having 140 beds opened in 1940.

Other hospital departments functioned at Mátraháza, Keszthely and Mátészalka.

Cultural life.Cultural life had curing effects to the mind of refugees.A Polish Journal Wiesci Polskie was edited until German occupation.Aided by Hungarian Miekiewicz Association founded in 1929 and Polish Institute, cultural programs were organized. One of these programs were series of theatre programs.

Secret Negotiations-Consequences of german occupation

Polish political and military organizations founded in Hungary not only served the aim of nurturing refugees but they constructed an important liaison between Polish Emigrant Governement and Polish Resistance. They filled important mission between Emigrant Governement transferring to London and Poland in maintaining tasks.Liaison was resolved taking the help of a well organized messenger service between Budapest and Warsaw and Budapest and London.Organization was successful because of help of Antall József Senior in regard of acquisition of passports and permits of living.Diplomatic Messenger Service of Department of Foreign Affairs also gave help in transporting Polish reports to London.THe year was 1943 when Kállay Governement established contact with Emigrant Governement of Poland.Kállay delegated Varga Béla parson, representant of Independant Smallholder Party to represent Hungary symbolically to Polish Governement.In peace negotiations of Hungary, in first part of 1943 Polish Refugee Associations and Diplomatic Corps of neutral countries mediated at British Department of Foreign Affairs. Turning point was brought by Szegedy-Maszák Aladár, Chef of Political Department. He continously and secretly negotiated in Stockholm.Kövér Gusztáv representant of Hungarian Red Cross established contact nearby Polish Ambassy of Lissabon.

Kállay Governement thought with chefs of Polish Organizations that British-American Military Corps helped by Polish Corps reaching Istrian-Peninsula can advance Soviets and at Region of Balkan reach Hungarian frontieer.Hungary could have open the gate to Polish Corps towards Poland.Although these plans crashed because of German occupation of Hungary in 19th of March 1944 and intervention of Stalin against the plan.Massive arrestations followed and all legal Polish organizations have been wind up.Civil refugees were pursued and refugees were interned to military camps.Lot of them have been transferred to concentration camps and executed. Horthy Miklós intervened at the Delegate based in Budapest of Hungarian Red Cross asking protection to Polish refugees.Although Germans carried off Polish citizens.Hungarian population helped and protected Polish in Hungary and helped them to survive last monthes of war.Lot of them exiled to partisans of Slovakia and Soviets captured them.Years passing they returned to Poland.

Antall József Senior was arrested with Chef Committee of Civil Association.Polish Edmund Fietowicz was executed. During interrogations interrogated Polish suspects did not give evidence against Antall József.President of Civil Committee Henryk Slawik had been executed in Mauthausen Camp.

Last group of Polish departed from Hungary in 10th of August 1946.Their home entry was arranged by Zbigniew Kazimierski Chef of "Mission of Polish Transferring".Small number of Polish who stayed raised their families and established.

source:polish refugees in hungary 1939-1945 wikipedia

Józef beck

Józef Beck was born on 4th of October 1894 and died on 5th of June 1944.He was a Polish Statesman serving The Second Republic of Poland.He served as diplomat and military officer.He was a close associate of Józef Pilsudski.Beck's most famous work is his foreign ministry period in the 1930's.At that period he largely set Polish foreign policy.

His dream was to fulfill Pilsudski political vision of making Poland leader of a regional coalition.For that aim he was widely disliked by other governements.

Beck has been involved in territorial disputes with Tchecoslovakia and Lithuania.Beck sometimes accomodated to Germany and Soviet Union, sometimes he defied these two main but hostile powers.His aim targeted to try to take advantage of their mutual antagonism.THese negotiations proved unsuccessful so he formed alliance with Great-Britain and France.Despite mutual agreement these countries did not help Poland effectively.At that ime of invasion of Poland in 1939 Beck and rest of Polish Governement evacuated to Roumania.

contents

Early life 

Foreign minister

Strategic ideas 

1939:nazi invasion

world war II.

Honors 

Notes 

Sources

External links 

early life

Beck was born in a calvinist(protestant) family whose forbears were Flander emigrants to Poland.THese Flander forbears travelled to Poland in 16th century during Báthory István rule.At the start of First World War Beck was an engineering student at a College of Engineering.When First World War started Beck was member of a clandestine Polish Military Organization(Polska Organizacja Wolskowa POW).POW was founded in October 1914 by Pilsudski. Beck joined in 1914 and served until 1917 as an aide of Pilsudski in the First Brigade of Polish Legions.After internship of Brigade Beck fled.After Poland regained independence Beck was named commander of an artillerie battery and assigned to general staff.Between 1922 and 1923 Beck served as Military Attaché to France.French disliked Beck and spread lies about him.One of these lies was that Beck was soviet agent.He was a part of Coup d'Etat of May 1926 helping Pilsudski to de facto governemental power.

In between 1926 and 1930 Beck served in Poland as Minister of Military Affairs as Chief of Staff.From 1930 until 1932 he was in service of Poland as Vice Prime Minister and Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs.In 1932 he took the Office of Minister of Foreign Affairs.Groomed by Pilsudski he implemented Poland foreign policy. He took Minister of Foreign Affairs Office until outbreak of Second World War.

foreign minister

Beck was known as weak handed.According to historian David G.Williamson Poland had a large population with 35 million people but thin industrial base.

Poland had an army of 283.000 soldiers and was poorly equipped, short of artillery and poorly trained.Due to fact of missing mechanization it relied on its cavalry.Final problem that came in has been facing the two leading dictatorships of that era:USSR of Stalin and Germany of Hitler.Let us cite the oppinion of historian Richard Overy.

Poland according to OVery was the most disliked country and Beck the most distrusted Foreign Minister.Poland during pursuit of independence left close friends behind by the end of 1938. For Western countries Poland became a greedy revisionist, anti-semitic, pro-german country.Minister Józef Beck was an arrogant and treachourus "menace". 

In Poland foreign politics Beck maintained a fine balance between USSR and Germany.THis politic meant anyway the conclusion of non-agression pacts.

Non-Agression Pact has been concluded between Poland and Soviet Union and betweeen Poland and Germany in January 1934.

Beck complained because of respective Polish minorities in Germany and Soviet Union were not enough protected.Although Beck resented also because Germany took the Minorities Treaty to intrude to internal affairs of Poland and to pressurise. In September 1934 Józef Beck renounced the Minorities Treaty. 

When Pilsudski died in May 1935 a power-sharing agreement entered by various factions near to Pilsudski.Led by General (Marshall) Edward Rydz Smmigly, President Ignacy Moscicki and Józef Beck.THese three politicans effectively dominated Sanacja(Sanation) and ruled Poland until the beginning of Second World War.Beck got more or less free hand to lead Poland foreign policy.The stability of the ruling triad weekened.None of the three man of the state could assert his dominance in late 1930s.THis weird oligarchy between 1935-1939 and political situation established by them is often described as "dictatorship without a dictator". 

strategic ideas 

Beck showed hostility to the League of Nations and not believed in help.

France forced some arrangements with Poland but mistrusted Beck.So Beck investigated into new possibilities.He explored Pilsudski concept of Myedzimorze("Between-seas"). THis strategy meant the foundation of a federation of Central and East-European countries.In first view the Federation would stretch from the Baltic to Black-Seas.In later variants from Artic Ocean to Mediterranean.A coalition between Germany in the West and Soviet Union in the East might have been strong enough to avoid military intervention.Although Beck realized the unpossibility of building such a Federation to the immediate future.THerefore he was prepared to settle for a diplomatic bloc referred to as "Third Europe". THis project would have been led by Poland and might become the nucleus of Myedzimorze Federation.Beck's "Third Europe" diplomatic concept included Poland, Italy, Yougoslavia, Hungary and Roumania.These efforts failed.THere are several reasons.

-Italy and Hungary aligned themselves with Germany not with Poland

-Dispute between Hungary and Roumania decreased efforts to reassamble them in a bloc.Subjects of dispute was Transylvania.

-The desire of Italy and Hungary to partition Yougoslavia between the two blocked any effort to include Rome, Belgrad, Budapest in an alliance.

-None of other four states were interested to form the "THird Europe"with Poland.

Between 1935 and 1939 Beck supported German claims against Czecoslovakia.He cited purported mistreatment of Polish minorities in this country.The year was 1937 when he began his diplomatic offensive in favor of Slovak independance.He supported Hitler in regard of Munich Agreement in 1938.Within days Poland occupied and seized Teschen the industrial district of Czechoslovakia with many ethnic Poles.

1939:nazi invasion

In 1937 Hitler continously assured Beck that Germany had no claims on Danzig.Although in early 1939 Hitler changed his position and claimed Danzig without military agression.Beck role was main in early 1939 when he staunchly refused Hitler demands to subordinate Poland to Germany puppet-state.Hitler demand aimed Poland entrance to Anti-Comintern.Pact directed against Soviet Union. Beck rejected Hitler demands to annex Polish Pomorze(Pomerania).THis act would have cut off Polish access to the sea.It would have cut the main trade road also.In this case Poland would have been dependent on Germany. He also refused demands for an extraterritorial rail and highway to run to East Prussia and Free City of Danzig.In exchange vague promises assured Beck regarding trade and annexation of territories lived by Ukraniens and Belorussians after a future war.Hitler planned to annex Poland for several years and had decided to realize his war plans by early September 1939.

Beck was surprised on Britain reaction to defend Poland from German attack.Britain communicated his annonce by the end of March 1939.France also offered his support.THere was very little help in case of German attack.

In April 1939 Beck negotiated in London terms of British-Polish Aid Treaty.Beck orated his refusal of German demands in his speech of 5 May 1939.

He told that peace is precious and desirable.Then generation who lived and bloodied in wars will deserve peace.According to Beck peace has its high and mesurable prize.Polish do not know the concept of peace at any prize.Only one thing is without prize in lives of men, nations, and countries.THat thing is honor.

Although Beck also refused Soviet forces to enter Poland.During talks the Polish side did not take part.In case Poland would be endangered British aid proposal came.It formulated a support to Polish Governement.At that time Beck accepted that proposal.According to Joseph E.Dawies Polish Governement underestimated military power and danger of Germany.

In August 1939 the well known Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact secured the alliance between Adolf Hitler and Vissarionovitch Dsugasvili Stalin.It secured Soviet Soviet support in a war, in a heavy flow of Soviet oil and food. It also highlighted an agreement in to partition Poland and the split up of Baltic States.By this stage imminent war between Germany and Poland came to evidence.

world war ii.

When Germany invaded Poland on 1st of September 1939 Poland and Beck called France and Britain to secure Poland.In spite of help they refused to give direct help.Both of them declared war two days after German invasion against Poland.Soviet attack came from East on 17th of September 1939.Beck withdrew to Roumania with rest of Polish Governement.

Roumanian authorities interned Beck in a hotel in Brasov.There he wrote his Memoirs Ostatni Report(Final Report).

Popular journalist Melchior Wankowicz interviewed Józef Beck in autumn of 1939 during his internement in Roumania.

Beck was locked in a golden cage of a luxurious hotel in Brasov.He and his team occupied one floor.He got strong guard.When he went out to the street German and Roumanian agents followed him.During the interview Beck emphasized his achievements of last month.A military treaty with England, refusal of Hungary to let German troops traversing Hungarian land, droit de residence, droit de passage granted to him by Governement of Roumania.Beck believed in a solid coalition and that Poland would negotiate while Czechoslovakia would remain out.He did not take care of Lyold George statement that Poland as a reactionary country did not deserve help.Lord Halifax aimed to recreate Curzon Line although this fact did not frustrate Beck.He highlighted that when King of Great-Britain gave a radio speech only English, French and Polish Anthems were played.

He negotiated with Hitler several times.According to Beck Hitler was influenced by Von Ribbentrop.

Józef Beck died in Singureni Roumania on 5 June 1944.He caught tuberculosis.His son Andrzej Beck survived him.Andrzej Beck played an active role in the Polish community in United States until his death of 2011.

Beck remains were repatriated in Poland and interred at Warsaw Powazki Military Cemetery in May 1991.

source:wikipedia_jozef beck  

teleki pál(politican)

Széki gróf Teleki Pál(count) full name Teleki Pál János Ede was born in Budapest Austria-Hungary in 1st of November 1879.He died in Budapest Hungarian Kingdom on 3rd of April 1941.

He was born into Noble Teleki Family.He was a scientific of geography, teacher, politican.Several times elected representant of Parlament.Firstly he filled the post of Foreign Ministry of Hungarian Kingdom in 1920.This was Simonyi-Szemadám Governement.After this period he filled Prime Ministry between 1920-1921 when stepping down.Following he got Ministry of Religion and Public Education in Imrédy Governement from 1938 to 1939.Following elections of 1939 he has been elected Prime Minister again and in 1941 following his suicide he died.He has also been member of Hungarian Scientific Academy.He was nominated Honorable Scout of Hungarian Scout Association.

family

He originates from noble Roman Catholic Count Family, széki Teleki Family.His father was COunt széki Teleki Géza(1843-1913) writer and politican.Széki Teleki Géza served as Minister of Interior Affairs for short time.

He served in Tisza Kálmán Governement.Mother was Muraty Muratisz Irén(1852-1941) daughter of rich, Greek commercant in Pest. 

Teleki married Countesse Bissingen-Nippenburg Johanna(1889-1942) on 24th of November 1908 in BUdapest.Bissingen Nippenburg Johanna was the daughter of COunt Bissingen Nippenburg Rezső Antal Gábor and foeni Mocsonyi Georgina.

From this marriage two children were born.Teleki Mária(1910-1962) and Teleki Géza(1911-1983).Son of Géza became geologist, university professor.He filled this post at Kolozsvár.He worked there from 1940 until 1944.After that he was elected Minister of Religion and Public Education of National Transitory Governement.Date is years of 1944-1945.He emigrated to North-America in 1949.One of his grand sons Teleki Géza became famous anthropologist in United States.

studies

He studied in elementary school as private student at Elementary Public Evangelist School in Budapest.This school was located at the antecedant place of Deák Ferenc Square.Elementary studies happened between 1885-89.Middle studies continued as private student at Piarist High School between 1889-97.

After high-school studies in September 1897 he started his law studies in Budapest Scientific University Science of Law and State Department.He audited lectures of geography at Natural Science Department.He published in Periodicals of Geography.He also gave lectures in Society of Geography.He specialized in Asian discoveries.He gave presentation of his rapport at Association of Natural Science in public meeting of 15th of December 1898.

He also attended important events of Erdély Association during university period.He was guest of huntings of Zsuki.He also participated at Charity Bazaar of Kolozsvár.He got university diploma in 1901.

Next year he began Hungarian Royal Academy of Economics as guest attendant.This school was located at Magyaróvár. He attended second year of two years education.He failed in April 1902 and next year he failed again on the administrative law exam.Finally after his rapport submitted "Question of Main Foundation of State"he graduated as Doctor of State Sciences in December 1903.

scientific work

He has been intern at Department of Geography of Lóczy Lajos from 1902.From 1904 he filled his service of deputy sheriff in Szatmár.In March and April of 1906 he travelled lot.THese were travels related to studies.He visited Sudan and Europe.He became Scientific Director of Geographic Institut Publishing Company between 1909-1913.From 1910 until 1923 he was Secretary General of the company.His work of 1911 entitled "Atlas to cartographic history of Japan Islands"got Jomard Prize.In August-September of 1912 he travelled around United States with Cholnoky Jenő.As result he wrote the work Economical Geography of America in 1922.In 1913 he was elected correspondant member by Hungarian Scientific Academy.Because of war his inaugural took place in 1917.In 1913 he got the position of teacher of School of Forming Teachers in Commerce.He became member of Association of Turan.Later he got President.

In First World War he served as volunteer.In war he created his early, main work.History of Geographical Idea.From the autumn of 1918 he created with his colleagues the Ethnical Map of Hungarian Kingdom.After that he made the famous "red carte"on which he pointed Hungarian nationalities red(carte rouge).

political career

He elected himself first time at the elections of 1905.He represented Hungarian Constitution Party.Leader was Andrássy Gyula Junior.THis Party was formed from liberal thinker "dissidents". The Hungarian Constitution Party was officially registered after the elections.Teleki became represantant of Parlament in the election district of Nagysomkút in Szatmár Bereg County.

He won his mandate again on the elections of 1906.When the failure of coalition governement became evident in 1910 he retired temporarily.At that time he weighed not in politics.Until 1917 he fulfilled his military service as lieutenant.He served in battle-lines of Serbia and Croatia.At that time he got nominated to head office of War Treatement Office of Hungary.After winning of Károlyi Mihály and Revolution of Rose Autumn he stopped.He stayed in Switzerland during The Hungarian-Soviet Republic.During that time for request of Committee Antibolchevique he represented himself as Foreign Minister of governements of Counter Revolution of Szeged.

He gained his new mandate in elections of 1920 in inner-city of Szeged presenting Christian National Union Party in Governement Simonyi-Szemadám formed on 15th of March.Simonyi-Szemadám invited Teleki to accept Foreign Ministry.He accepted on 19th of April.He was present at Signature of Peace Treaty of Trianon as Foreign Minister of Hungary.Two other members of delegation signed.Simonyi-Szemadám Governement dismissed one month after Signature Act.Horthy requested Teleki to form new governement and he accepted.

first period of prime ministry

Governor Horthy Miklós nominated Teleki Prime Minister on 25th of July 1920 and he accepted.At the same time he filled the position of Minister of National Minorities.He governed Foreign Cabinet also.He dismissed from Prime Ministry when King Charles Four(IV.Károly Király) tented to return to power.Date was 14th of April 1921.

Contradictory fact of first governing period of Teleki was The Law Numerus Clausus Law XXV 1920.It means close and meant the regulation of inscriptions to universities.These Institutions were precisely Technical University of Budapest, Department of Economical Science of Budapest and Academies of Law.Close meant constant number.THe Law was handed into the Parlament by Minister of Religion and Education.Acceptance came in September 1920.

Aim of Numerus Clausus was to correct numbers of students of higher education to real or created needs of the country and block the number of students accepted.Students learning in higher education had to reflect average number of populations in Hungary.Main goal of the law was to assure Hungarians average participation in universities.Lot considered Numerus Clausus as First Jewish Law.It limited Jewish populations rights.Law treated Jewish as nationality not as religion.

after first prime ministry period

In 1925 he participated in testing process of frontieer between Turkey and Iraq.He has been delegated as member of Moszul Comittee of Populist Association.

He weighed in scientific life of his Era.He filled positions of Professor and Dean at Budapest University of Economical Sciences.In 1937-38 he filled Chancelor position of József Nádor Technical and Economical University later Technical University.At that time Curator of Eötvös College.His work was recognized by The Prize Corvin-Chain in 1930.

He not elected himself at the elections of 1926.Economic University delegated him to Upper-House of Parlament.He stayed member of reorganized Upper-House from 1927 until 1938 as delegate of University.

 head of scooting

Governor Horthy Miklós nominated Teleki Pál Head of Scout of Hungary at 10th of June 1922.He was a popular figure and main influencer of history of youth movement.Although Teleki sent in his renountiation to the Governor because of his weakened health state in March 1923.Horthy exampted him and nominated Honorable Head Scout.He organized and led The 4th World Scout Jamboree Meeting in 1933.Place was King Palace at Gödöllő.Here 30.000 scouters camped from numerous countries of the world.

second period of prime ministry

In 1938 Teleki got also a mandate in the Tokaj Election District because of temporary elections.As consequence he renounced from his membership of Upper House and rejoined Parlament.He got the position of Minister of Religion and Public Education in Imrédy Governement at the 14th of May 1938.Then Imrédy Governement failed.He was one of the leaders of delegation negotiating The First Decision of Vienna.Teleki was favorable for England.He wanted to recapture lost territories.His Governement, THe Imrédy Governement turned towards Germany and Italy, called Axis Powers.

In 2nd of February 1939 as result of parlamental troubles governemental party and "dissident" representants of Parlament reunified.Governemental Party took the name of life of Hungary.Before the name was "National Unity Party".

In time Imrédy Béla has resigned.Governor Horthy renamed Teleki to form his governement.Teleki and his second cabinet took their declarations in 16th of February 1939.Second Law concerning Jews(1939 IV.t.c.) has been approved under Teleki Governement.

At the time of second prime ministry of Teleki Kárpátalja and North-Erdély were annexed back to Hungary.Dates and events were March 1939 and Second Decision of Vienna 30th of August 1940.Teleki started great infrastructural and other social reforms also to protect families. Eg:Foundation of Popular and Family Protection Fund of Hungary, train construction in North-Erdély.At Eastern Elections of 1939 Hungarian Life Party won having most of electors votes and extreme right political forces strenghtened.Teleki won his representative mandates in Inner-City of Szeged.

Success of foreign politics of Teleki Pál was the renouncement from German request to use the train route Nagyszalánc-Velejte to transport German soldiers blessed in wars at Polish frontlines and trains bringing supplies to transfer.After defait of Poland of September Hungarian Governement opened his frontieer before Polish refugees and gave all help to them.Until occupation of Germany in 1944 Polish schools and associations have been established in Hungary.Teleki ordered also the establishment of a Hungarian Legion to fight in winter war at Finnish Side against Soviets.Governor Horthy rewarded him with Big Cross of Order Szent István Hungarian Order Kingdom.This notable event happened in 26th of September 1940.(Magyar Királyi Szent István-rend nagykereszt).

Narrowing of Teleki foreign politics became with the fact that Hungarian Governement entered to Pact of Three Powers in 20th of November 1940.These powers were Germany, Italy and Japan.THus Hungary recognized hegemony of Italy fascist and Nazi Germany in Europe.According to Pact in case if a non-participant country in war attacks Axis Powers, Hungary takes solidarity with Axis Power countries.

teleki in second world war

Hungarian Governement allied with Yougoslavia in form of Accordance of Ever Friendship in Belgrad in 12th of December 1940.After Coup d'Etat Yougoslave against Germany Berlin leaders communicated their demand to German Military Corps transferring Hungary.Teleki had a choice between the victorious Germany and Anglo-Saxon powers, which gave up the region although having great financial reserves.He had to consider Anglo-Saxon allied Soviet Union also.

Teleki agreed to Accordance of Ever Friendship against Germany.He got informed at the 2nd of April from Ambassador of England that in case of attack of Yougoslavia Hungary will get declaration of war.

death of teleki pál

He got dead at the second day of attack of Germany against Yougoslavia at the 3rd of April 1941.He had been found dead at his Sándor Palace room.He got shot dead in his head.At his desk a dramatic letter was found, addressed to Governor Horthy sentencing attack against Yougoslavia.(www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/bibl/mil/ww2/doksi/k104/03a.html).German Corps attacked Yougoslavia before death or suicide of Teleki.Based on historical proves, death of Teleki Pál was suicide.

THe book written by Nyári Gábor and edited in 2015 tried to disclaim these facts.So laics thought he was killed.Book of Nyári Gábor is not historically and professionally founded according to profession of historical sciences.Ablonczy Balázs disclaimed point by point the facts established by Nyári.

The letter written by Teleki in 1941 to his personal assistant was presented to the public by Archives of Capital of Budapest.This letter is known from 3rd of April 2019.That letter explains the haitress of people of Teleki because of his suicide.He declared that at his funeral only the priest should be present.

He wanted no epitaph neither.THis letter denies plotter theories concerning his murdering.

His tomb is placed at Gödöllő, at the Cemetery of Máriabesnyő.On his commemorial plaque a lily is graved and the description is the following:

"Dolgozott a cserkészetért és életét adta a magyar nép becsületéért".(He worked for scooting and gave his life for the honor of Hungarian People).

Rememberance

Aim of his suicide was to exampt himself and his people from the responsibility brought for the attack against Yougaslavia.His sacrifice cleaned his name before the history.He could not stop German Armies and he could not clear away the facts.

-Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill:Second World War 1-2

Editing House Európa 1995 pages 483

His first public statue was raised at Gödöllő in 2001.Date was 2004 when Hungarian intellectuals and Polish businessmen participated in raise of Teleki statue in Balatonboglár because of failure of Budapest statue.

Teleki was one of founders of College of Bencés at Pannohalma.The movie room brings his name as rememberance.

ALthough there are streets bringing his name in Warsaw and Sopron.A square in Gödöllő also took his name.Gróf Teleki Pál tér.

main works 

History of geographical idea(1917)

La Hongrie Occidentale Párizs-Budapest, 1920 (Domanovszky Sándorral)Online(https://archive.org/stream/lahongrieocciden00teleuoft##page/n1/mode/2up)

Amerika gazdasági földrajza(1922) (Economical geography of United States) 

The Evolution of Hungary and its place in European History(1923)

Európáról és Magyarországról(1934) About Europe and Hungary

A gazdasági élet földrajzi alapjai I-II.(1936)

Geographical foundations of economical life

Beszédek1939 Speeches

Magyar politikai gondolatok(1941) Hungarian political thoughts

Teleki Pál országgyűlési beszédei I-II.(1944) 

Parlamental speeches of Teleki Pál I-II.

Teleki Pál-Válogatott politikai írások és beszédek(2000) Teleki Pál:Collected political writings and speeches 

Origin

Notes 

Source work:Teleki Pál Wikipédia

antall józsef senior life and work

Antall józsef politican(1896-1974)

Dörgicsei and kisjenei Antall József (Oroszi 28th of March 1896-Budapest 24th of July 1974) Hungarian lawyer, Secretaire of State, politican(FKGP) Independent Smallholder Party. Representant of Parlament  between 1945-53.He was Minister of Reconstruction between 1945-46.He was the father of Antall József the democratically elected Hungarian Prime Minister from 1990 until his death(MDF Hungarian Democratic Forum).He established the first Hungarian count of lowest incomes.

He participated in the securisation and saving with Henryk Slawik, Polish Diplomat of more than 30.000 Polish refugees in Hungary, and 5.000 Polish jews. For that activity he was honoured with the Price Truth of World.

life

He was founder of Independent Smallholder Party in 1931.He was Committee of Affairs of Refugees of Governement.From September of 1939 he cared of more than tens of thousands Polish refugees and he also cared of thousands of jews.Following German occupation he stepped down and Gestapo arrested him.

He became Chief of Population Care Office in 1945. Task of this Office was the re-settling of German populations of Hungary.

His point of view got shape in the debate of Re-Settling Decree:

"There are no doubts concerning politics of the nation that there is an interest in Hungary that large numbers of Germans must quit Hungary.There will be no other occasion to get out of Germans.Today we could not give lands to lot of entitled".

Later he was Committee of Reconstruction and after Minister of Reconstruction in Tildy and partly in Nagy Ferenc Governements in 1945 and 46. He was director of Independent Smallholder Party until 1948.

Later he became Comittee of Governement of Hungarian Red Cross.1949 was the year of one party elections.Antall József Senior collaborated with some colleagues with Rákosi Regime so he was elected representant of Parlament.He stayed represantant until 1953.

For honouring his activity under Second World War he was elected Honorable Member of mainly literary Hungarian Mckiewicz Association.

rememberance 

A street was named after Antall József Senior in 1981 in Warsaw.Here there is also an Antall József Senior Memorial Plaque.He got the Post Mortem Truth of World Price of Jad Vasem.In the garden of Institut there is a Memorial also.The Quai before Parlament of Budapest brings Antall József Senior name since 2009.

Polish Senat decided to raise the Statue of Rememberance of Henryk Slawik and Antall József.Date was 24th of September 2014.This Statue is raised in Warsaw.Let us remember to Antall József Senior and Henryk Slawik who helped Polish who found refuge in Hungary from the agression during Second World War.

Source:Antall József politikus(1896-1974)

wikipédia

Notes

Orbán Viktor and antall józsef in thália theater budapest

The play "A Miniszterelnök Úr és a fiú" has been played first at the end of April 2022 in Thália Theater in Budapest led by Kálomista Gábor producer of cinema.

THis drama is written by Pozsgai Zsolt and is about the moment when Antall József(+) ancient Prime Minister and Orbán Viktor President of Fidesz, a small opposition Party at that time meet in the elevator.

The story is below. At 29 October of 1990 the elevator of Hungarian Parlament is blocked between two stages.At that moment two politican stay in the elevator:the Prime Minister and young Orbán Viktor leader of Fidesz.

The stormy parlamental session finished and Orbán accuses Antall of liing.THey begin to debate and the future and historical and political changes are suggested.

This drama was written and staged to young generation mainly, based to the oppinion of creators.

source:szinhaz.online 

antall józsef politican(1932-1993)

Dörgicsei and kisjenei Antall József Tihamér Junior(Pestújhely 1932 április 8-Budapest 1993 december 12)Hungarian politican, librarian, medical historian, museologist, first democratically elected Prime Minister of Hungary after finishing of socialism.

"I serve and I serve till the Nation uses my services. I do until I can."

family

Antall József was born in ancient lower noble family. Father was Antall József Senior(1896-1974) lawyer, clerk, one of founders of Independent Smallholder Party, worker of several departments. He saved refugees during Second World War.He created the first count of lowest income.

Mother was Szűcs Irén whose father was Szűcs István clerk at Department of Religion and Public Education, and before retrait he became deputy under-secretary responsible for education of college of people.He was representant of Parlament between 1927-1935.

Antall József had one sister Antall Edit.Jeszenszky Géza Foreign Minister married daughter of Antall Edit, Héjj Edit.

From his wife Fülepp Klára two children were born.Lawyer Antall György and reporter of photography Antall Péter.

studies

His childhood and youth were decided by familial education.Main elements of his education were deep belief in democracy, national behaviour, christian morality and christian point of view of our society.

Antall József college studies were completed in Piarist High-School in Budapest from 1942 until 1950 when he passed his baccaleaureat.At the age 16 he decided to become politican.For a long time he had no way to become politican.

His baccaleaureat passed he was student of Department of Humanities of Eötvös Lóránd University during twelwe years.He studied on normal day section from 1950 until 1954.After he continued his complementary studies.

He got his diploma as high-school teacher of history and Hungarian language, museologist, archivist librarist.THeme of his dissertation was The Politics of Public School of Eötvös József.Theme of his Doctorat of Humanities was Politics of Eötvös József and preparation of Settlement in 1867.He lectured subject of ethnography, anthropology, law, economic and subjects of orientalism.

way of life until prime ministry

After receiving diploma Antall worked in National Archives of Hungarian State and after in National Scientific Pedagogic Institut.He began his teaching career in High-School Eötvös József in 1955.In 1956 he became had of Revolutional Committee.He participated in re-organization of Smallholder Party and in foundation of Youth Christian Association.After the Revolution of 1956 Soviet authorities arrested him several times.After liberating him, authorities continuosly questioned and examined him.Although he had the permission of teaching.Between 1955 and 1957 he taught Hungarian litterature and language in High-School Eötvös József.In 1957 he had his disciplinary procedure and re-directed to High-School Toldy Ferenc.In 1959 he was banned to teach because of his political point of view.

Following that official decision he worked as librarian for two years.In 1963 he wrote the biography of 80 medical doctors in Hungarian Lexicon of Biography.Although he recognized the importance of medical history.He also recognized the untouched scientific topic.

Antall József became scientific researcher in Semmelweis Medical History Museum, opened in 1964.He worked in Library and Archives.Later on he became Deputy Director.From 1974 he got Nominated Director.From 1985 he became Director.His superior was Schultheisz Emil as Director and Minister of Health Department. 

Antall published more than hundred medical history publications.He lectured and edited several publications.He belonged mainly to Hiúzok, Medical History Circle of Benedek István.He lectured and edited between 1968 and 1990 of Publications of Medical History.During his researches he contacted foreign medical doctors and historians several times.He got Vice-President of International Medical History Association in 1986.

He got first passport to Western-Europe in 1974.He got his first call to Switzerland then to Universities of West-Germany.He gave his lectures at Universities of Düsseldorf, Magdeburg, COlogne, BOnne, Munnich.

During his life he faced agents of Communist Regime.Their name was III/III agents who wrote their rapports, about Antall József also.One of these agents was son of painter artist Mikus Gyula.

return to politics

Csóori Sándor called him to Hungarian Democratic Forum. He participated in the events of the MDF since the beginning of 1988.Round table of Opposition was created on 22nd of March 1989. At that time MDF functioned as political party and Antall József has been delegated to consultations.Antall József worked in 1/1 Comittee preparing the changing of Hungarian Constitution.He became well known by his propositions, by professionalism and ability to negotiate.

Delegates elected Antall József President of Democratic Forum with the majority of votes in 21st of October 1989.Thus his candidacy to Prime Ministry was evident.

Winner of Elections of 1990 became MDF, Hungarian Democratic Forum.Antall got his mandate from List of Budapest.He constitued his governement on 23rd of May. At the evening of that day Parlament elected Antall József Prime Minister of Hungary with 219 yes votes, 126 no votes and 8 abstention votes.At the same time Parlament accepted main points of his Political Program.

He spiritually decided to govern 15 million Hungarians as Prime Minister of Hungary.

Antall got in coalition with Smallholder and Christian Democratic Fractions and Antall Governement founded conditions of transformation of Republic of Hungary in regard of politics, politics of economy, and foreign politics.Antall Governement got accept and execute laws and at the end of Term economy got up and raising.

prime ministry 

death and funeral

In summer of 1990 he got a diagnose of Non-Hodkin Lymphoma which is the illness of cancer of lymph.In October two days before the famous Blocade of Taxi drivers he was operated.Cancer renewed in half a year after the operation.THe day before his death Göncz Árpád President of Republic honored him.THe Cross of Honor of Republic was given to him.He received only his family, the director of his cabinet, Martinovich Endre, Kajdi József Leader of Prime Ministry Office, and Boross Péter.He consulted on phone with Orbán Viktor and Tölgyessy Péter.

His illness overwhelmed him and he died on 12th of December 1993.

His funeral began at the 18th of December 1993 at twelve  o'clock.His catafalque was brought before the building of Parlament from Vaulted Hall of Parlament.Szabad György President of Parlament, Sütő András writer, and Bolberitz Pál Abbot Titular gave the address.

From there mourners went to National Cemetery of Fiumei Street.In National Cemetery Cardinal and Primate Paskai László also Archibishop of Esztergom, Bishop Calvinist Hegedűs Lóránt, Bishop Evangelist Harmati Béla, Chief Rabbi Schweitzer József and Bishop Calvinist of Nagyvárad Tőkés László gave their addresses. 

Boross Péter Minister of Interior Affairs followed him at the Post of Prime Minister.

rememberance

THe first statue of Dr.Antall József was raised in Mány in Fejér-County.This statue is the work of Domonkos Béla.Raise happened in 1996.The Statue was also restored in 2011.THe Statue restored has been initiated at 79th birthday of Antall József at the 8th of April 2011.(antalljozsef.hu/hu/2011_aprilis).Holy Statues were also raised at Csongrád at the 13th of August 2000.Other statues raised are found at Jánosháza. Date of raise was 2001 in Vas-County, where Jánosháza is situated.Another one was raised in March 2002 in Zagreb, Capital of Croatia. 

At Csongrád-County at Church of Piroskaváros has been raised the Statue of Antall József. Holy mass was celebrated by Gyulai Endre Bishop of County of Szeged-Csanád.Before the end of holy mass the Bishop told that Bolberitz Pál spiritual leader of Prime Minister held spiritual practice in this Church of Csongrád-County.From this Church he brought sanctify of ills to Antall József, Prime Minister.Statue was disguised by Minister of Justice Dávid Ibolya.Gyulay Endre sanctified the statue.THis statue was raised from public funds by Varga István Luigi sculptor artist.(mkdsz1.freeweb.hu/antallszobor.htm).

Another statue of rememberance has been raised at Szombathely at the corner of Petőfi Sándor and Kőszegi streets.Date was springtime 2002.

Original idea has been to name the square in question Antall József Square.THis plan failed.Bust is the artwork of Veress Gábor sculptor artist.THis statue has been initiated at 70th birthday of Antall József at 8th of April 2002.

(szombathely.varosom.hu/latnivalok/szobrok/Antall-Jozsef-szobor.html).

THe statue bronze in Miskolc is a portrait statue and artwork of Jószay Zsolt.It was initiated at 5th of December 2003.Initiation took place behind the Square of Miskolc National Theater.Since this event the square brings Antall József name.

The date was 2003 when another Antall József bust was initiated in Budapest in Árpád Street at first district.THis territory is between Inn Szarvas and Semmelweis Archives and Medical History Museum.THe place shows the fact that Antall worked as Director of that Institution between 1974-1990.Before he worked as scientific researcher and Vice-Director.

(szoborlap.hu/2008_antall_jozsef_mellszobra_budapest_veres_gabor_2003.html).THe statue was several times damaged, versed with red paint.

(www.origo.hu/itthon/20040501ujra.html).

To remember Antall József, another statue was raised in the 15th district of Budapest at Pestújhely.The Statue stands at Pestújhely Square.Antall József Prime Minister was born at Pestújhely in Budapest.He made his schools here and his family was one of founders of Pestújhely.

THe Statue of Pestújhely had also a vicissitudinous sort.It was stolen two times in 2007. (www.origo.hu/itthon/20071103-elloptak-antall-jozsef-szobrat.html).Second time it was stolen in May 2007 but found before a house of family of 21st district.Second times metallic collectors have stolen the Statue in November 2007.

Hajdú László Major of district communicated the fact that perpetrators cut the two steal beams.

Another statue was raised to rememberance of Antall in 2003 in Tagore Promenade in Balatonfüred.THis project had realized from public funds, from support of Self-Governement of Balatonfüred, from support of Foundation Demján Sándor, from support of Kő Pál Lujos(+) Ex-Head of Department of Sculpting of Fine Art UNiversity Budapest and from support of Reguly Foundation Veszprém.At the initiation of 23rd of May Orbán Viktor and Dávid Ibolya Ancient Minister of Justice of Antall Governement participated also.

Another statue to remember Antall József was raised at Palóznak at Balaton-Highland at the 30th of April 2004.THis is a bronze statue of head in the church garden.Although Prime Minister Antall initiated The Village House at Palóznak.That is why the raising of his Statue was important for the County of Palóznak.A plaque reminds to that event at the building of Mayor Office.THe stature is the artwork of Jószay Zsolt.The smelting is the work of Varga Imre Master Smelter.

The initiation of new parts of buildings named Antall József and Ex-Chancellor Willy Brandt of West-Germany of European Parlament happened in March 2009.Hans -Gert Pöttering  President of European Parlament appreciated Antall because of taking serious part in re-unification of European Continent after division of Europe.

In 2013 a relief plaque has been initiated to his respect and rememberance in inner courtyard of City Library and Information Center in Gödöllő.The Inner Courtyard brings Antall József name.

The leisure center and elementary school in Pátyod at Szabolcs-Szatmár Bereg County brings his name.

In 2019 he was elected Posthume Freeman of Budapest.

works

books in collections

Parlamental speeches of Antall József 1990-1993 edited by Pálmány Béla Atheaneum Bp.1994.

Hungarian Medical Historians of past edited by Gazda István, Kaplonczay Károly, Szállási Árpád Introduction:Schultheisz Emil Budapest 2002 Semmelweis Museum of Medical History and Archives-Institut of Hungarian Scientific History(the book presents the medical historian work of Antall József also).

Antall József Model and Reality Books 1-2 Bp.2007

Kapronczay Károly, Gazda István Publications of Antall József medical historian, historian of culture, and organization of science to respect and honor of his 80th birthday Bp.2012 Association of Hungarian Medical History -Semmelweis Museum of Medical History Library and Archives-Hungarian Institut of History of Science 500 pages 

Antall-breviárium edited by Ódor László, photography:Antall Péter Minerva Bp.2004 

Antall József:Late memoir unpublished interviews by Osskó Judit notes:Buzánkay Géza Corvina Bp.2013

Modell and reality completed edition for the 25th anniversary of establishment of Antall Governement 1-3.edited by Soós Kálmán, Antall József Knowledge Center Bp.2015

1.Studies, publications, documents 

2.Political speeches, interviews, in Hungary and abroad

3.Parlamental Speeches Essays on Antall József 

Pencil lines to Antall József profile Letters and Interviews coll.edited by notes std.Tóth Eszter Zsófia Veritas History Researching Institut-Magyar Napló Bp.2018(Veritas notebooks)

Source:Antall József politican (1932-1993) Wikipedia

retirement of soviet army corps from hungary

Retirement of Soviet Army Corps from Hungary realized between the 12th of March 1990 and 16th of June 1991.Retirement happened according to Settlement signed and sealed by Foreign Ministers Horn Gyula from Hungary and Eduard Schevarnadze from Soviet Union.

After 47 years of occupation the last Soviet soldier of occupant Red Army Viktor Silov Lieutenant-General left Hungary at the frontieer of Záhony.At hte rememberance of Retirement Hungarian Parlament created the Law XVII of 2001 which is The Memory Day of 19th of June.The last Saturday of the month of June is Freedom Day.In his speech of Freedom Day of Hungary Gulyás Gergely told that although the last Soviet soldier, Lieutenant-General Viktor Silov left Hungary on 19th of June, sovereignity of Hungary restored on 30th of June 1991 according to Settlement between the two States(2011).

antecedants

1944-45:intrusion,occupation of hungary

Soviet Red Army and allied Army Corps of Bulgaria and Yougoslavia(3rd Army Corp of Yougoslavia) and Hungarian Army of Vajdaság,Petőfi-brigade, the 1st Army of Bulgaria and Armies of Roumania 1 and 4 occupied Hungary at the end of Second World War in 1944-45.They hounded out German soldiers and their allied army corps.These occupants have been liberators of Hungary for 44 years.The army corp of war must have been retired.THis order was related to Settlement of Peace of Paris 1947 paragraph 22 closing Second World War.The date of power was within 3 months."THe same order left Soviet Army to reserve his forces in Hungary needed to secure transporting zones to Red Army to occupation of Austria".

For contact keeping, to supply, to the guard of telephone lines there would have been enough 2-3 shooting army corps, although Soviets have been present in Hungary with much more army corps.Occupant army corps occupied main transport lines and they established farer also.

history

THe Worker-Peasant Red Army and allies occupied Hungary in 1944-45 at the end of Second World War.After the Revolution of 1956 corps sustaining Regime of Kádár János stayed in Hungary for more than three decades according to Soviet-Hungarian Settlement of 1957.

Meantime the Red Army has been renamed Soviet Army.It has had been retired in two paces.According to lowering army negotiations of Superpowers between 25th of April 1989 and 28th of May more than 10.000 soldiers and nearly 300 tanks and 150 armoured tanks lost the country according to partial army corp retirement.

General Matlej Burlakov prepared retirement. He was ordonned to Head of Western Army Corps.According to General Burlakov, main negotiator Soviet, before the retirement Soviet Army built 16.000 flats and spent more than 3 milliard Hungarian forint (48 million US dollars) per year to maintainance.Soviet Army also spent to community services of apartments.Although they financed transport, too.Burlakov declared that only military pression can obtain results during negotiations.Für Lajos, Hungarian Minister of Military Affairs of that Era answered in Népszabadság newspaper that this is Burlakov and Soviet mentality but unacceptable for Hungary.Burlakov gave an interview to Izvesztyija and told that if Hungary would not pay to flats which Soviet Army emptied he stops army corps retirement.

Related to Settlement of 10th of March 1990 retirement began within 2 days and lasted more than one years.Nearly 100.000 Soviet citizens, 27.000 machines and military vehicles, 230.000 tonnes of munitions and 100.000 tonnes of fuel were transported nearly on hundred and half-thousand railway trains. Last train left Hungary on 16th of June 1991 at the Frontieer of Záhony-csap. Lieutenant -General Viktor Silov CHief of South Army Corp left Hungary on 19th of June with diplomatic passport and Volga car.

THe financial settling after Soviet retirement lasted nearly one and half year.THe nil settlement has been signed on 11th of November 1992.

Hungarian Parlament ratified the Law of XVII.on 8th of May 2001 which Law declared June 19 the National Rememberance Day of recapturing Hungarian Soveregnity.Last Saturday of June became Hungary Freedom Day.

1955-57:legalizing the occupation

Although State Settlement of Austria was signed on 15th of May 1955 Soviet soldiers should have left the Territory of Hungary also.TO avoid this fact one day before on the 14th of May the Warsaw Pact was signed.Anyway Warsaw Pact did not detail the statement of Soviet Armies in foreign countries.According to Supplementing Annex Statement "The Unified Armed Armies placement happens in Warsaw Pact countries according to settlement of participating states and mutual defense needs".Special Army Corp. Soviet Forces retired from Austria, prepared The Waves Covering Name Army Plan in case of counter-revolution movements at summer of 1956.

Revolution of 1956 brought further changes to Hungary.When Nagy Imre Prime Minister of Hungary announced the neutral statement of Hungary, on 1st of November, Soviet Army Corps statement right in Hungary has ended.Although to break down the Revolution a new main Soviet corp came in Hungary.Both with the old armies already 60-65.000 soldiers have been located.

The South Army Corp has been founded in the beginning of 1957.THis Corp was coordinated by Military Department of Soviet Union.

Hungarian Governement accentued the association and friendship of both of countries. In January 1957 in his assessment Governement of Hungary accentued the fact that presence of Soviet Army forces is justified by the friendship and association of two countries.Arrangement of Soviet Army Corps situation should have happened according to friendship.At the beginning of 1957 a military delegation led by Münnich Ferenc negotiated in Soviet Union concerning tasks of Soviet Corps in this new context.

At the 27th of May 1957 The Settlement fixing the law related situation of Soviet Army Corps staying temporarily in Hungarian Territories of Hungarian Popular Republic was signed and sealed by Foreign Minister Horváth Imre, Minister of Military Affairs, Révész Géza, and by Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, Andrei Gromiko and by Minister Soviet of Military Affairs, Zsukov.The Settlement proclames that the Soviet Army Corps temporary residence in Territories of Popular Hungarian Republic is practical to establish the mutual defense against a casual agression and according to International Settlements.

THe Central Committee of Hungarian Socialist Workers Party affirmed on Congress of 22nd of June 1957 residence of Soviet Red Army in Hungary.More than three decades official point of view of communists survived.

1985-88:End of cold war

THe changing Soviet Union could not and would not continue the cold war armistice in the 80's.Within Perestrojka started in 1985 main reforms started and the army reduction negotiations began with Superpowers.Mikhail Gorbatchev submitted The Official Plan of Army Reduction of Soviet Union between Atlantic-Ocean and Oural Territories on 18th of April 1986.According to Disarmement Proposal of Warsaw Pact Congress of 11th of June 1986 in Budapest both of military blocks should have reduced their numbers by 110-150.000 individuals and by 1990 on 25 percent.

Gorbatchev declared in Yougoslavia in March of 1988 and 19th Congress of Soviet Communist Party that Soviet Union broke the Doctrine Brezneff.(Leonyid Iljics Brezsnyev).Soviet Union respects sovereignity of socialist states.Secretary General declared on rassemblement of United Nations in 7th of December 1988 that until 1991 Soviet Union reduces the number of his Army Corps residing in Central Europe by 500.000.They retired six tank corps, five thousand tanks, and circa fifty-thousand soldiers from German Democratic Republic, from Tchecoslovakia and from Hungary.He assured at the same time the reduction of Soviet forces residing in Europe.

soviet army forces in hungary

At the end of year 1988 the South Army Corp resided in 100 garrisons and circa 6000 real-estates.THe two headquarters of tank army corps resided in Esztergom and Szentkirályszabadja.THe headquarters of two mechanical shooting army corps in Székesfehérvár and Kecskemét.The Military Strategic-Missil Brigade in Dombóvár.Soviet military airports resided in central part of the country.Airport of helicopter units in Kalocsa.Mezőkövesd gave place to an airport, too.

retiring

1989:Partial army corp retirement and beginning of negotiations

After the declaration in previous year of Mikhail Gorbatchev concerning partial army retirement Németh Miklós Prime Minister negotiated in Moscow on 2nd and 3rd of March 1989.Based on his tellings he secretely made the Settlement with Soviet General Secretaire of Party concerning the army retirement.As Németh Miklós remembers these negotiations were not published because of the fact to reserve Soviet positions for the Army Lowering Negotiations with United States of America.THis Settlement was not reinforced neither Hungarian nor by Soviet sources, only source is Németh Miklós.From Soviet part six months later in October 1989 the document concerning the complete army retirement from Hungary can be revealed.THis is an inner note.

In the agrement concerning partial retirement between the 25th of April and 28th of May 1989 the Guard of Army Corp of Tank of Veszprém left Hungary.This Army Corp counted nearly 10.400 soldiers, nearly 300 tanks, 150 armoured tanks, and nearly 90 percent of ground artillery.Soviet Corps have been also retired from Sárbogárd and Debrecen.Soldiers have been directed from Nyugat-Dunántúl(West-Danube Region) into these two garrisons.

THis year the army lowering was emphasized and highlighted officially and non-officially.End of March Gorbatchev and Grósz Károly agreed theoretically concerning the partial army retirement continuation.THis Agreement was published after negotiations of Moscow in July.Theme of Congress of Political Committee of Hungarian Socialist Workers Party of 16th May was to present their retirement of Soviet Corps established in Hungary at the next Congress of Political Committee of Warsaw Pact.At their visit of Moscow of 24th and 25th of July Grósz Károly and Nyers Rezső emphasized the reinforcement of Pact of March and further lowering of Soviet Corps.Soviet Committee also agreed but the possibility of whole army retirement was not in question.

15th of March 1989 was the date when demonstrations began throughout the country.In Budapest before the building of Hungarian Public Television(MTVA) Cserhalmi György famous actor orated the 12 points oppositional organizations. Cserhalmi is also lecturer of Hungarian Academy of Theatre and Film Budapest.

Point 9 was the following:"neutral and independent Hungary"."Retirement of Soviet Armies from Hungary". "Abolition of 7th of November from Hungarian feasts".

On May 7 popular forum reclamed the closing of Soviet Military Airport in Debrecen.On 15th of June 200 people manifested before Soviet Ambassy.FIDESZ organized the manifestation.Topic was also Soviet retirement.Aim for Soviet retirement came back in speeches of Nagy Imre  reburriing of 16th of June 1989.Rácz Sándor told that the presence of Soviet Army Corps is a great and hardly dealable problem.He asked world honest population to help Soviet Union to retire his armies from Hungarian Territories.Then Orbán Viktor Present Prime Minister of Hungary reclamed a responsable governement dealing the immediate retirement of Soviet military corps.On the 4th of November at 33rd Anniversary of Soviet Occupation, Hungarian October Party(Magyar Október Párt) and Hungarian Radical Party(Magyar Radikális Párt) reclamed the retirement the immediate and unconditional retirement of Soviet Armies at the Building of Soviet Ambassy.

The complete army retirement plan emerged in Moscow on 14th of October 1989 officially.Georgij Sahnazarov close colleague of Gorbatchev proposed the retirement of Soviet soldiers from Poland, Tchecoslovakia and Hungary because of low importance of these military units in these countries at present context.Sahnazarov the expert also noted the fact that the new governements of Hungary and Poland will reclame the complete retirement and it is better to prevent it.

Nuclear warheads of Nagyvázsony and Tótvázsony near to mobile missile fusil base have been moved away on autumn of 1989.

1990:The Settlement of complete retirement

Hungarian Prime Minister Németh Miklós and Soviet Prime Minister Nyikolaj Rizskov have theoretically agreed converning plan of whole retirement of Agremmearmy corps.Place of settlement was Sofia the 45th COngress of KGST and the date was 9th of January 1990.After further negotiations the main negotiation began concerning retirement on 1st of February in Budapest.Somogyi Ferenc Secretary of State of Foreign Minister and Ivan Aboimov Vice Foreign Minister led negotiations.After long negotiations Horn Gyula and Eduard Sevarnadze signed and sealed the Settlement in Moscow on 10th of March 1990.Agreeing to that Settlement the Soviet Army had to retire the complete personal establishment, civils having Soviet citizenship and material belongings.They had to transport armes, military technical stuff also.In the last period of negotiations participated in observer position as represantants of parties having electoral lists:Demszky Gábor(SZDSZ Liberal Democratic Alliance), Kósa Lajos(Fidesz Young Democrat Alliance), and Raffay Ernő(MDF Hungarian Democratic Forum).THey rancoured the fact that in the Agreement there was no citation about the fact that Soviet occupation was not legally founded.

Intergovernemental Settlement was officially communicated by 97/1990.(V.29) MT Order.This document registered that army retirement accords UN and EBEÉ Accord.Included the respect of non-violation of interior affairs and sovereignity.The Accord refers to the Accord of 1957 concerning material belongings, financial and other questions of Soviet Armies staying in Hungary.Dividends are referred to Hungarian-Soviet mived committee.Last poiint of Agreement fixes that obligations of Warsaw Pact and others are staying stable between Hungary and Soviet Union.

1990-91:The complete retirement 

Two days after the Agreement Soviet Corps of Hajmáskér(Veszprém County) left Hungary and after the others on 12th of March 1990.In total 100.380 Soviet citizens left Hungary.49.700 or 44.668 soldiers according to different sources, family members, and civil employees.

Circa 35.000 trains needed to the transport of Soviet military materials and soldiers.The number of retired military machines and vehicles were 27.146.860 tanks,(T-72, T-64B), 600 self-functioning canons, and 100.000 tonnes of fuel.Also 230.000 tonnes of munitions were brought away.The SOuth Army Corp took away 230.000 tonnes of material, including demolished building materials.For that logistic tasks military transport points were established at Mándok and Tornyospálca.From there consignements were taken into Soviet trains.Hungarian Railway COmpany(MÁV) has booked an income of 1.5 million of HUF with that railway transport(1.5000 transporting trains).Technical materials, fuel, ammunition were sold by Soviet Army helped by Hungarian Governement.

THe Independent Aviation Company 201.airplanes of 36.Air Corp establishing in Hungary left the country on 19th of April 1991.

Hungarian Committee of Ministry accorded a plan concerning retirement in April.Task coordinator nomination went to Annus Antal Major General, Vice-General of Major of Hungarian Army.

Last train having 55 wagons left Hungary 2 weeks before the deadline at the railway frontieer of Záhony-Csap.THe date of departure was 16th of June 1991.Time table was 23.40 and starting point Mándok.At the same place, on the public road bridge of Tisza river lost Hungary on his black Volga car Viktor Srilov Lieutenant General, Commandant of South Corp Army, on 19th of June at 15.01 hours.

After the retirement

Financial arrangement

Financial arrangement related to Soviet Army retirement resulted long and serial negotiations.Soviet negotiators decided the value of 50 million of HUF of the left buildings and investments in 60 garrisons.THey regarded these materials as Soviet properties.

One part of Hungarian claims came from damages caused by Soviets.These were the non-maintenance  and renovation of located buildings and damages of HUF 29-30 millions.Another damages came from environmental damages and monuments.

Negotiations did not give results for long time.Last negotiations took place after Soviet retirement on 14th and 22nd of August 1991.Soviet partner reclamation upraised at HUF 53.4 millions.Hungarian reclamation changed.

It lowered to HUF 14.3 millions because of the reclamations of non restauration.Although it raised very high because of environmental pollution and damaged monuments.Soviets did not agree and nor accepted the strict minimum of these damages caused by them.

Nothing happened for months.Reasons were the putsch against Gorbatchev, falling apart of Soviet Union and foundation of Independant States(Független Államok Közössége, FÁK).Finally the Nought Statement was signed one year and half later, on 11th of November 1992 in Budapest on Boris Eltsin official visit.

Handed over buildings, real-estates 

Soviet Army left 328 real-estates in 94 garrisons.Guard of these left garrisons was ordered to more than thousand conscripts.Later these real-estates were handed over to Organizations responsible of state owned belongings of Finance Department.Guard changed.Security services composed of disarmed soldiers and policemen took the guard. 

The sort of handed estates went to different directions.SOme have been left perished like Airport of Kunmadaras, some others were used to civil goals.Example is the Airport of Hévíz-Balaton, International Airport near Sármellék,.Monostor-Fortress near Komárom(Komarno) gave place to South-Army gunpowder storehouse.Today this fortress is a monument.

Secrets of Soviet Airport, an exposition opened in 2011 at Berekfürdő.At that exposition materials, armes, military uniforms, are exposed from airports of Kunmadaras, Kalocsa, Kiskunlacháza, Sármellék and Tököl.

Commemoration

Hungarian Parlament agreed to the Law of XVII.of 2001 concerning the Importance of Recuperation of Liberty of Our Country and Day of Hungarian Liberty.According to that day, 19th of June became the National Memorial Day, last saturday of June became Hungarian Liberty Day.

Lot of people remember about Hungarian Liberty Day in Hungary.In Alsópark at Gödöllő was raised the Statue of World Tree, artwork of Velekei József Lajos at the First Anniversary of Retirement of Soviet Army.The Rememberance Feast is held at that statue of last saturday of June.

Foundation of Hungarian Liberty Day founded Hungarian Liberty Prize in Millenium Year.Prize nomination goes to personnalities who contributed to independance of Hungary.THe Prize is also contributed to persons or personnalities helping the autonomy of Hungary and also to artworks serving the perpetuity of Hungarian Nation.

The City of Budapest holds a Dedication Festival to remember to Soviet retirement since 1991.At that day there are cultural festivities at public squares eg:Clark Ádám Square, Heroes Square, Széchenyi István Square, Kós Károly Promenade. At Óbuda Island horse related festivities are held.

The Pa Dö Dö Song Bye Bye Szása written in 1991 remembers to Soviet retirement in grotesque manner.

source:A szovjet csapatok kivonulása Magyarországról Wikipedia Retirement of Soviet Army Corps from Hungary 

Pa-dö-dö Music Band

Pa-dö-dö was a Hungarian girl band, founded in 1988 by Lang Györgyi(+) who I met personally also and Falusi Mariann.The name Pa-dö-dö is the transcription of the professional ballet denomination "pas-de-deux". 

Founders played together in Musical Small Shop of Horribilities(Rémségek Kicsiny Boltja).They performed together first at the Festival Interpop.After Interpop they published their first record.

THey published their second record in 1990.The song Bye bye Szása remembering to Soviet soldiers retirement became a popular jingle until now, played by radio stations. 

Györgyi and Mariann ware T-shirts, haircut is short and coloured and they ware short and boots.

THey started their TV Show entitled Girls are Angels on Hungarian Channel TV2 in 1999.Past years they animated their own show between 10-12o'clock in communist liberal Klub Rádió.Main animators who marked that radio were Havas Henrik, Váradi Júlia and Bolgár György.Klub Rádió closed down, but it can be heard on Internet emission.

Pa-dö-dö official facebook page was created in 2013 with the name "PDD 25".

Discography

1989 Pa dö dö 1

1991:Pa dö dö 2.Kiabálj(Shout)

1992:Pa dö dö 3:1989-1991

1993:Pa dö dö 4:Please toot!(Tessék dudálni!)

1994:Pa dö dö 5.Szép az élet és én is szép vagyok(Life is nice and I'am also nice)

1995:Pa dö dö:Einstand

1996:Pa dö dö7.Kérem a következőt(Next please!)

1996:Ultra dal(Maxi promóciós CD)(Ultra song Maxi promotion CD)

1997:A Pa dö dö kisegyüttes élete második szingli cédéje(MAXI CD)

THe second single CD of Small Band Pa dö dö(Maxi CD)

1997:Pa dö dö Nekünk 8(No matter for us)

1998:Te vagy a legjobb dolog a héten(Promóciós Maxi CD) (You are the best thing on the week)

1998:10 éves a Pa dö dö bemutató mix(Promóciós maxi CD)(Pa dö dö is ten years old)

1998:Röpül a tányér (MAXI CD) (Flying plates)

1999:Új kislemez(Maxi CD) (New Maxi CD)

1999:Pa dö dö koncert 1999

2000:Egyveleglemez(Mixed record)

2000:Retyetye

2000:Kell egy jóbarát(Promóciós maxi CD) (Need a good friend)

2000:Vár már a nyár(Promóciós maxi CD) (Summer is waiting)

2000:Vi ár femily(We are family)

2001:Jó nekem így(Promóciós maxi CD) (It is OK for me)

2001:Partiing a bit?(Egy kicsit bulizgatunk?)

2001:Egy újabb maxi-(Promóciós Maxi CD)

2002:Költözzünk össze/Bence/Promóciós Maxi CD(Let us live together/Bence)

2002:Tuinvan, Marivan, Györgyivan, Közösvan

2003:Beszt of Padödö:PDD 15 Jubileum (2 CD)

2003:Had'énekeljünk mi is az idén!(Let us sing this year!)

2004:Igen!Az idén is csinálunk új lemezt!(Yes!We made a new record this year also)

2005:nem volt egyszerű csókoltatunk mária(it was not simple kisses mária)

2006:Habár a hazai lemezeladás......(Although home record performing)

2008:Így 20 felett ránkfér egy kis Generál(Above 20 we like General)

2008:20.bé(Nát for szél!) -Digitális válogatáslemez

2009:Csomagot kaptam(Got a package)

2011:Hozott anyagból(material brought)

2013:Ajándék(Digitális nagylemez) (Present Digital record)

2013:Eljön egy igazi angyal(Digitális maxi) (A real angel comes)

2014:Háj-háj Szása/Hüjedal(Digitális Maxi) 

2014:Fele Más(Az igazi besztof)

2014:Fele Más(az igazi besztof)-Dölüksz Vörzsön(Digitális Album)

2015:Retúr(Padödö Airlines)

2015:A Padödö első dévédéjének első hanganyaga(The first sound material of the first dvd of Padödö)

2015:Éljen a karácsony tetején(Viva at the top of Christmas)

2016:Ó Gyertyaláng/Kell egy jóbarát(Digitális Maxi)(Oh candellight/You need a real friend)

2016:Hómunkások dala(Digitális Maxi)

(Snoworkers song)

2017:Nyugdíjas repp(Digitális Maxi)(Retired rap)

Sources:

Pesti Srácokpestisracok.hu/villax-richard-faj-a-fejem-nehany-gondolat-a-pa-do-do-jelensegrol

Magyar Narancs(m.magyarnarancs.hu/feketelyuk/a-pa-do-bye-bye-szasa-cimu-szamaval-indult-az-uj-orosz-nyelvu-zenei-radio-budapesten-124968

Further informations

Dalszövegek a Pa-dö-dö honlapján(padodo.com/pdd-szoveg.htmll(Texts of Padodo songs)

nava.hu/id/1810766/?jwsource=d Padödö videoklippek

nava.hu/id/1907530/#Bye,bye, Szása c.dal videoklippje kezdés:48:36-nél

Source:Padödö Wikipedia 

Lang Györgyi

Lang Györgyi was born in Szeged, on 10th of May 1957. She died in Budapest, on 20th of May 2023. She originates from Forráskút Svabien family.

She got her baccaleaureate in 1975 at Radnóti Miklós High-School.She started her studies at College of Theater and Film Art at 20 years of age.Year was 1977.After receiving her diploma in 1981 she became actress in Pécs National Theatre until 1988. They founded Pa Dö Dö in 1988, Falusi Mariann and herself.

His father Lang Elemér was president of basketball section of Budapesti Honvéd.His stepfather Mécs Károly was actor.

Because of her illness sclerosis multiplex she moved in wheelchair after a certain period. And that is why she lost her life.

Her musical career 

THe first performance of Pa Dö Dö happened at Interpop in 1988.One year later they published their first record Pa Dö Dö I.Great success was their record Let us shout!in 1990.

Prizes, recognitions

Prize of Charity 2014

Radnóti Miklós Anti-Racist Price(2016)

THeater roles

Number of performances registered in theater data bank is 47.At the same place there are 8 theater videos showing her performance.

Longfellow:Hiawata

komoróczy-Kazimir-Jósfay:Énekek éneke(Sing of best)

McCoy:A lovakat lelövik ugye?Horses are shot dead aren't they?)

Verebes István:Kettősünnep.........Özv.Tarkáné

(Double feast.......Tarkéné the widow)

Graves:Én Claudius.......Urgulanilla(Me Claudius.......Urgulanilla)

Brecht:Kispolgári nász......A vőlegény anyja

(Wedding of petit bourgeois......groom mother)

Brecht:A nevelő úr........Von Berg őrnagy felesége

(Educating gentleman...........Wife of major Von Berg)

Baum:Óz a nagy varázsló..........Toto(The great magician Oz........Toto)

Faydeau:A balek...............Maggy(The dupe...........Maggy)

Brecht:Dombok és trombiták....................Lucy(Drums and trumpets..........Lucy)

Jékely Zoltán:Oroszlánok Aquincumban.........Agrippina(Lions in Aquincum........Agrippina)

Csehov:Cseresznyéskert.............Sarlotta Ivanovna(Cherrygarden.......)

Schanzer-Welisch:Ördöglovas.........Grace (Evil rider.......)

Szomory Dezső:Hagyd a nagypapát!............Teri(Don't bother grandpa!.......)

Moliere:Tartuffe................Dorine

Karinthy-Molnár-Heltai:Kávéházi komédiák(Coffee-room comedies)

Illyés Gyula:Kiegyezés......................Ancilia(Settlement....................)

Wassermann:La Mancha lovagja.....................Aldonza (Knight of La Mancha............)

Wilner-Bodansky:Luxemburg grófja....................Juliette(Count of Luxemburg.............)

Lázár Ervin:A hétfejű tündér..............Aromo(Seven head fairy..............)

Cserner Géza:Cigánykerék..........Arany (Cartwheel......)

Lenz:A katonák..............Charlotte(Soldiers..........)

Békés-Rozgonyi:Szegény Lázár...........Csókos Lola

(Poor Lázár)

Martos Ferenc:Gül Baba..................Zulejka

Brummer-Grünwald:Cirkuszhercegnő........................Nagyezsda Pukkanova erőművész(Princess of Circus)

Gorman:Rémségek kicsiny boltja................(Chyndi)

(Small shop of horribilities.................)

Lope de Vega:A kertész kutyája............Dorotea(Dog of Gardener)

Szomory Dezső:Bella.............Mari

Bakonyi Károly:Mágnás Miska..........Marcsa

Dunn:Gózben................Dawn(In exhalation.................)

Földes-Grünwald-Löhner-Beda:Hawaii rózsája.................Bessy(Hawaii Rose)

Braden:A színházi csehó.............Fanni Portere(Theater dive)

Storey:Anyánk napja...........Lily(Day of our Mother)

Ayme:Count Clérambard........Evelyne

Gogol:Háztűznéző...............Anna Pantyelejmonovna

Herzer-Löhner-Beda:A mosoly országa........Vali(Smiling country)

Halász-Békeffy:Egy csók és más semmi........Portás(Just a kiss)

Burgess:Mechanikus narancs...............Sonja(Mechanical orange)

O'Brien:Rocky Horror Picture Show..........Narrátor(KVoice Actor)

Norman:Jó éjszakát mama!..........Jessie(Good night mum!)

William Shakespeare:Vízkereszt vagy amit akartok..........Viola(Epiphany or what you want)

Movies 

Zebegényiens(1978)

Dread and powerty in Third Reich(1980)

(Rettegés és ínség a Harmadik Birodalomban)

Szerelmem Elektra(1980) (My love Elektra)

Csupajóvár(1980) (Justgoodthings waiting)

A Mi Ügyünk avagy az utolsó hazai maffia hiteles története(1982)(Our Affair or History of Last Home Country Maffia)

Glória(1982)

Idő van(1986)

Eldorádó(1988)

Napóleon(1989)

Könnyű vér(1989)(Light blood)

Családi Kör(1990)(Inner Family)

A vipera(1990)

Angyalbőrben((1990-1991)

Ámbár tanár úr((1998)

Discography

Notes 

Source:Wikipedia-Lang Györgyi

Falusi Mariann

Life

Born as child of Falusi István and Horváth Irén.

SHe completed Conservatory between 1977-1980.She made her studies in teaching section of College of Music Art Liszt Ferenc between 1979-1983.

In 1983 she won "Ki mit tud?" in category of jazz singing.She was lead singer of Studium Dixiland.Date was between 1983-1985.She won a festival in Cuba in 1985.She performed in Vigszínház (Theater Víg) between 1985-1988.SHe won a festival in Mongolia in 1986.

She was member of girl band PaDöDö since 1988.Her musical compagnon was Lang Györgyi.

She performed in cities of Szeged, Diósgyőr, Szolnok.Since 1988 she is freelancer.She was a member of jury of Television Talent Discovering Csillag Születik(Star borns).She performed in reality show Celeb vagyok Ments ki innen in 2008.(I'am a celebrity save me!).She animated a talk show with Lang Györgyi since 2010 in Klubrádió.Title was Ötös(Fives).She performed in television program Nagy Duett in 2011.In 2012 she was jury member of Megasztár.SHe performes alone also.

In 2020 she also performed in TV SHow Disguised Singer as frog.

Films

Laura(1987)

Eldorádó(1989)

Családi Kör(1989)(Family Cercle)

Angyalbőrben(1990-91)

Ámbár tanár úr(1998)

Theater roles

Amerikai Komédia(American Comedy)      Már nem kell  Edith Soupault ezotéria mániás "hangmasszőr"

Budapesti Operettszínház((Operett Theater Budapest)

A mosoly országa(Country of Smile)Fini, fiatal lány(Fini, young girl), Szegedi Szabadtéri Játékok(Open Air Szeged)

Az óriáscsecsemő(The Huge Baby)newborn/second newborn Budapesti Bábszínház(Puppet Theater Budapest)

Dr.Bubó Ursula Papp László Budapest Sportaréna

Gőzben(In the steam) Violet Budapesti Kamaraszínház

Mechanikus Narancs(Mechanical Orange)Suzy Budapesti Kamaraszínház

Muzsikus Péter új kalandja Bőgő Ódry Színpad 

Olivér    Nancy, Bill tartozéka Szegedi Nemzeti Színház

Ulpius Dalszínház avagy mit ér Antal ha Szerb n.a.Uránia Nemzeti Filmszínház

Rémségek Kicsiny Boltja(Small Shop of Horribilities) Ronette Vígszínház

Vízkereszt vagy amit akartok (Epiphany or what you want) Sebastian, fiatal Szigligeti SzÍnház, nemes, Viola bátyja

Solo records

Our 13 songs with Presser Gábor(13 dalunk Presser Gáborral 2017)

Amikor elmentél(When you have gone) www.youtube.com/watch

Prizes

1983:Winner of Ki mit tud?in category of jazz singing

1985:Festival winner in Cuba 

1986:Festival winner in Mongolia 

Aranyagár Prize for the text of Bye bye Szása

2011:Artisjus-díj

2015:Charity-Prize 

2018:Radnóti Miklós Anti-Racist Prize

Notes 

Mécs Károly

Mécs Károly Artist of the Nation Prize, double Kossuth Prize, and Jászai Mari Prize. He is artist actor, director of theater, Érdemes and Kiváló Művész Prized artist.

Born in Budapest on 10th of January 1936. He is aged of 88 years old.

He studied at Toldy High-School in Budapest, after he began his acting studies at the Prestigious Rózsahegyi Kálmán Acting School.(Rózsahegyi Kálmán SzÍniiskola).In 1961 he finished The College of Theater and Film in Budapest, in class of Simon Zsuzsa.His teachers were also Gáti József and Versényi Ida.

He acted at National Theatre from 1958.From 1960 he played at Petőfi Theater.He acted at Szeged National Theater between 1961-1963.Here he was contracted by Szendrő József.

From 1963 until 1996 he became the acting member of Theater Thália/Arizona, thanks to the invitation of Keres Emil and Kazimir Károly.

For nine years he has been the leading actor of German Theater at Szekszárd.

For years he member of Budaörsi Játékszin where he worked as director also.

He was an invited performer in Karinthy Theater, in National Theater and also at Szigligeti Theater in Szolnok several times.He performs at Hungarian National Opera from 2001.

He was voted, elected Artist of THe Nation in 2016 at the place of Sinkó László who died in 2015.

In September 2021 he retired.He wants to live the rest of life in calm and peace.

He is the voice of Dankó Radio since 2012.

Theater roles

Nestroy-Heltai:Lumpáciusz Vagabundusz

avagy a három jómadár.....Hilárisz

Darvas József:Kormos ég......Joó Laci

George Bernard Shaw:Candida....Eugene Machbanks

Arbuzov:Tánya....Parancsnok helyettes 

WIlliam Shakespeare:Antonius és Kleopátra...Alexas 

Benedek Katalin:Idegen utcában....Imre 

Saidy-Harburg:Szivárványvölgy.....Woody

Shakespeare:Rómeo és Júlia.....Rómeó

Brammer-Grünwald:Cirkuszhercegnő......Pecsovics 

Bródy Sándor:A tanítónő.......Ifj.Nagy, Káplán

SHaw:Az ördög cimborája.....Dudgon Richárd

Rozov:Felnőnek a gyerekek......Alekszej

Németh László:Az utazás....Tisztelő

Goethe:Egmont...Egmont gróf 

Harmath Imre:Maya.....Dixi

Arthur Miller:Az ügynök halála.....Happy 

Karel Capek:A rabló....A rabló

Balázs Béla:A kékszakállú herceg vára.....A regős 

Jean Racine:Britannicus...Britannicus 

Fejes Endre:Rozsdatemető......Író, Dr. Mátyás Vilmos

Szolovjev-Vitkovics:Naszreddin kalandjai....Naszreddin Hodzsa

Móra Ferenc:Móra Ferenc emlékest

Levitt:Parancsra tettem...George Gray

Diderot:Az apáca......Szerafin páter 

Sartre:Az Ördög és a Jóisten.....Karl

Shakespeare:Második Richárd...Második Richárd

Babay József:Három szegény szabólegény.....Posztó Márton

Larni:A negyedik csigolya.....Maxwel I Bodenheim

Babel:Alkony...Levka

Tóth Ede:A falu rossza......Tóth Ede

Hochhuth:A helytartó.......Gerstein

Mrozek:Károly.......Unoka

Fejes Endre:Mocorgó......Főhadnagy

Goethe:Torquato Tasso.....II.Alfonz

Petőfi Sándor:Tigris és hiéna......Borics 

SOmogyi Tóth Sándor:Szerencse vagy halál.....

Ügyész

Darvas József:Zrínyi.....Zrínyi György

Neruda:Joaquin Murieta tündöklése és bukása

Joaquin Murieta

Babel:Mária......Golicin

Szatmári-Kazimir:Bachus.....Venus

Hemingway:Akiért a harang szól......Robert Jordan;Andres

Ortutay-Kazimir:Kalevala........Lemminkejnen

Móricz Zsigmond:Légy jó mindhalálig....János úr

Goda Gábor:A planétás ember.......Lutter ezredes

Sándor Iván:Kvartett......Az egyik ember

Pálfy-Kazimir:A magyar kérdés......Cseh diplomata

Bródy Sándor:A dada....Viktor

Milton:Elveszett paradicsom......Sátán

Roger Martin du Gard:A THibault család....Daniel

Weöres Sándor:A holdbeli csónakos....Bolond Istók

Heller:Irány New Heaven.....Starkey

Kazimir-Jánosy:Ramajana...Ráma királyfi

Kazimir-Kristóf:Bartókiána

Illyés Gyula:Bál a pusztán...Segédtiszt

Pagogyin:Arisztokraták.........Gromov 

Greene:Csendes amerikai.......Vigot

Csokor:Isten veled

Monarchia.....

Zierowitz

Zsolt Béla.

Erzsébetváros.....Gyula

László-Bencsik Sándor:

Történelem alulnézetben....Kántor

Ödön von Horváth:Don Juan visszatér

Malraux:A remény......García 

Katona József:Bánk Bán.......II.Endre 

Kellér Andor:Bal négyes páholy......Molnár Ferenc

Mándy IVán:Gong.......János 

Karinthy Ferenc:Házszentelő........Dr.Brenner Egon

Simonffy András:A japán szalon........Faragho Gábor

Sztratiev:Velúr zakó.......Ivan barátja

Hochhuth:Jogászok.....Klaus 

Filadelfi Mihály:Torzó Messiás 

Mesterházi Lajos:Pesti emberek......Béla

Hochwalder:A szent kísérlet.....Lorenzo Querini Rómából

Fallada:Mi lesz veled, emberke?....Heilbutt

Gelman:Magasfeszültség..Andrej Golubjev

Ajtmatov:Az évszázadnál hosszabb ez a nap.....Abutalip Kuttubájev

Illyés Gyula:Fáklyaláng.....Görgey Artúr 

TOlsztoj:Háború és béke......A mesélő

Mezei András:Magyar kocka.....Dr. Laczi Tibor 

Gyárfás Miklós:Hangok komédiája....A színész

Németh László:Harc a jólét ellen.....Dr.Tornyai

Gorin:Gyalog a holdsugáron......Polgármester

Tamás István:A pápa és a császár.....VII.Pius

Misarin:Ezüstlakodalom......Vibornov Gennagyij Georgevics 

Siposhegyi Péter:Csak egy tánc volt.....Főnök

Barrilet-Grédy:Big Love.....René

Armand Salacrou:Túl tisztességes hölgy...Robert

Lestyán-Vaszary:Potyautas....Shell

Ibsen:A tenger asszonya....Dr.Wangel

Eörsi István:Az áldozat....Domitius

Tamási Áron:Hegyi patak....Vikáros

Bertolt Brecht:Die Dreigroschenoper....Mackie Messer

Alfonso Sastre:A szájkosár.....Roch felügyelő

Victor Hugo:A királyasszony lovagja.....Alba gróf és Covadenga

Lessing:Nathan der Weise....Szaladin szultán

THomas:Szegény Dániel...A plébános

Kálmán IMre:Csárdáskirálynő.....Kerekes Ferkó

Dürrenmatt:Romulus der Grosze....Odoaker

Nagy András:Don Juan, a sevillai, a kővendég és a szédelgő...Don Ottavio

Móricz Zsigmond:Úri muri......Zselyez Balogh Ábel

Goethe:Die Mitschuldigen

Hampton:Hollywoodi mesék.....Thomas Mann

Baróti Géza:Bástyasétány 77.....Török professzor

Márai Sándor:Kaland

Molnár Ferenc:Játék a kastélyban....Turai

Stephanie:Szöktetés a szerájból....Szelim pasa

Székely János:Caligula helytartója....Decius római lovag

Tóth-Máté Miklós:

Rodostó....II.Rákóczi Ferenc

Tóth-Máté Miklós:

A zsoltáros és a zsoldos...

Kapitány

Lope de Vega:A kertész kutyája...

Ottavio

Molnár Ferenc:Harmónia....Prelátus 

Márai Sándor:Egy úr Velencéből...

Parma grófja

Stendhal:Vörös és fekete.....A herceg

Szilágyi László:Csókos asszony....Tarpataky báró

Tamási Áron:Vitéz lélek....Ambrus

Theater directions

Tóth-Máté Miklós:Rodostó(2003)

Tóth-Máté Miklós:A zsoltáros és a zsoldos(2003)

Movie roles

Play movies

1956 november(1959)

Merénylet(1959)

A Noszty fiú esete Tóth Marival(1960)-Noszty Feri

Két emelet boldogság(1960)-Farsang Gusztáv

Az ígéret földje(1961)

Napfény a jégen(1961)-Jancsi

Esős vasárnap(1962)-Kaszás Pál

Dióbél királyfi(1963;rövid rajz-játékfilm)-Mesélő(hang)

Miért rosszak a magyar filmek?(1964)-Lepsényi Jenő

Ha egyszer húsz év múlva...(1964)

A kőszívű ember fiai 1-2 (1965)-Baradlay Richárd

Különös házasság(1965)

Der Turm der verbotenen Liebe (A tiltott szerelem tornya)(1968)-Graf Hector 

de Latoure

A magyar ugaron(1972)-Első katona

Hekus lettem(1972)-Forinthamisító

141 perc a befejezetlen mondatból(1974)-Desiree vőlegénye

Kopjások(1975)-Rajnay segédtisztje

Köznapi legenda(1976)

Lúdas Matyi(1976;rajz-játékfilm)-Mesélő(hang)

80 huszár(1978)-Osztrák vezérlő tiszt 

Élve vagy halva(1979) -Székelykuthy Zsigmond tűzszerész

Hogyan felejtsük el életünk legnagyobb szerelmét...?(1979)-Genát

Októberi vasárnap(1979)-Benkő ezredes 

Örökség(1980)-Szorondy Frigyes

Vámmentes házasság(1980)-Feri,Ági férje 

Vigyázat!Vasuti átjáró!((1982;oktatófilm)-Narrátor(hang)

Királygyilkosság(1984)-Sándor király 

Macskafogó(1986;rajz-játékfilm)-Edlington(hang)

Vadon(1989)

Radetzkymarsch(1995)

A játékos(1997)

Szállodaigazgató

Nemkívánatos viszonyok(1997)

A napfény íze(1999)-Honvédelmi miniszter

Sacra Corona(2001)-Mór püspök

Hotel Szekszárdi(2002)

A hét nyolcadik napja(2006)-Gyuszi

Macskafogó 2.-A sátán macskája(2007;2D-s animációs film)-Edlington(hang)

Tévéfilmek, televíziós sorozatok

A szélhámos(1961)-Juhos Attila 

Az utolsó budai basa(1963)-Petneházi Ferenc

Hölgyfodrász(1966)

Szerencsés flótás(1966)-Detre 

A százegyedik szenátor(1967)-Fromm szenátor fia 

Az ördögök teste(1967)

Máglyák Firenzében(1967)

Mocorgó(1967)-Főhadnagy

BOrs(1968;tévésorozat)

Isten óvd a királyt(1968)

Volt egyszer egy borbély(1969)-Czibor

A nagylegény(1970)

Der schwarze Graf(1970;tévésorozat) 

Házasodj Ausztria!(1970)

Levelek Margitnak(1970)

A legutolsó(1971)

Egy óra múlva itt vagyok(1971;tévésorozat)

Fegyház a körúton(1971)

Híres szökések(1971;tévésorozat)

A Fekete Mercedes utasai(1973)

Szeptember végén(1973)

Asszony a viharban(1974)-Nyomozó

A sas meg a sasfiók(1975)

Az Elnökasszony1-2.(1975)(1977-ben adták le)

Császárlátogatás(1975)(1977-ben adták le)

Hazugok(1975)

Magyarország 1849(1975)

Sztrogoff Mihály(1975;tévésorozat)-Dimitri(1977-es szinkron)

A sas meg a sasfiók(1976)

Fél penny(1976)

Hungária kávéház(1976;tévésorozat)-Fogarasi Géza

Köznapi legenda(1976)-Orvos 

Le jeune homme et le lion(1976-Ogier 

Lincoln Ábrahám álmai(1976)

Ady-novellák(1977)

Doktor Senki(1977)-Vámoscher 

Fogságom naplója (1977)(1979-ben adták le)

Napforduló(1977)(1979-ben adták le)

Megtörtént bűnügyek-7.rész:A kiskirály(1977;tévésorozat)

(1980-ban adták le)

Nero, a véres költő(1977)-Anicetus 

Ady novellák(1978)

Vakáción a Mézga család (1978;rajzfilmsorozat)-Felügyelő(hang) 

A nagyenyedi két fűzfa(1979)-Narrátor(hang)

Kiálts,város!(1979)-Von Felsen

Vádindítvány(1979)-Narrátor

A megsebzett bolygó(1979;tévésorozat)-Narrátor(hang)(1981-82-ben adták le) 

Horvátok(1980)-Mayer százados

Fizetés nélküli szabadság(1981)

Gyilkosság a 31.emeleten (1981)

Ítélet és igazság(1981)

A nyomozás(1982)-Magas

A tenger1-6.(1982)-Tatár György 

Liszt Ferenc(1982)

Atomzsarolás(1983)

Harmodios.....és meg kell dögleni(1983)

Japán szalon(1983)

Fekete császár(1983)

Nemzetemnek vagyok katonája(1983)

Oedipus Kolonosban(1983)-Oedipus

A bíró(1984)-Drasztamat, a bíró

A kárókatonák még nem jöttek vissza(1984)

Krízis(1984)-Barnabás

Kémeri1-5.(1985)-Kolcznay tartalékos zászlós

Zsákutca(1985)-Lajtai

A néger(1986)-Barthou

Magyarország barlangjai-2.rész:Az angyalok verítéke(1986)-Narrátor(hang) (1989-ben adták le)

Gyilkosság két tételben(1987)-Geyer(1989-ben adták le)

Így győzni fogunk(1987)

Puskin utolsó napjai(1987)-Zsukovszkij

Szarkofág(1987)-Tábornok

A trónörökös(1988)-Gróf 

Égető Eszter(1988)

TIzenkét hónap az erdőn(1988-89;tévésorozat)-Narrátor(hang)

Családi kör(1989;tévésorozat)

Abenteuer Airport(1990)

Zenés TV SZínház :Az öreg gavallér (1990)-Narrátor 

Hölgyek és urak(1991)-Boronkay

Radetzkymarsch(1994)

A körtvélyesi csíny(1995)-Gerendy Miklós,főispán

A vízcsepp kivájja a követ(1996)-Narrátor(hang)

Mohács(1996)-Tomori

A 11.parancsolat(1997)

Nemkívánatos viszonyok(1997)-Nagykövet

A négyes pálya(2001;minisorozat)

Hotel Szekszárdi1-6.(2002)

Fekete krónika1-4.(2004)-Író

Másfélmillió lépés Magyarországon-Bajától Tokajig(2014;tévésorozat)-Narrátor(hang)

Synchronic

Synchronic roles in television series 

Az Orion űrhajó fantasztikus kalandjai:Cliff Alister Mc Lane őrnagy, parancsnok

Dietmar Schönherr

A Guldenburgok öröksége:Dr.Max von Guldenburg-Jürgen Goslar

Falcon Crest:Dr.Michael Ranson-Cliff Robertson

Synchronic roles in movies 

1936     Rómeó és Júlia     Mercutio, a herceg rokona és Rómeó barátja  John Barrymore 

1937   Hófehérke és a hét törpe    Mesélő 

1937   Táncrend                Eric Irvin   Pierre Richard-Willm

1938  Jégmezők lovagja    Alekszandr Nyevszkij herceg   Nikolai Cherkasov

1939   Asszonylázadás      Kent          Brian Donlevy

1939   Intermezzo               Holger Brandt       Leslie Howard

1940   Bizsu                         Dan                    John Wayne 

1940   Hosszú az út haza    Kapitány      Wilfrid Lawson

1940  Waterloo Bridge         Roy Cronin    Robert Taylor 

1941   Bemutatom John Doe-t   Henry Connell      James Gleason

1941  A máltai sólyom             Sam Spade              Humprey Bogart 

1941   New Orleans angyala 

1944 Szegények és gazdagok Harry "Steve"Morgan   Humprey Bogart 

1944  V.Henrik                            V.Henrik                 Laurence Olivier 

1946  Az óra körbejár                Dr.Jeffrey Lawrence     Byron Keith

1947 Bumeráng                          Henry L.Harvey, ügyész     Dana Andrews  

1947 A test ördöge                    Francois Jaubert             Gérard Philipe

1948  Külügyi szívügyek             John Pringle kapitány    John Lund 

1948   Macbeth 

1948   Szent Johanna 

1949  Keserű rizs                  Marco             Raf Vallone 

1949   Kolumbusz Kristóf     Kolumbusz Kristóf Fredric March

1950 Bátor emberek             Vadim Nikolajevich Beleckij         Oleg Solyus

1952  Déidő                            Will Kane rendőrbíró                      Gary Cooper 

1952  A folyó mentén            Glyn Mc Lyntock      James Stewart 

1952  Királylány a feleségem      A történész               Jean Debucourt 

1953  Amíg mellettem vagy....    Stefan Berger            Hardy Krüger 

1953  Csókolj meg, Katám!         Fred Graham "Petruchio"   Howard Keel 

1954  Zendülés a Caine hadihajón       Steve Maryk hadnagy      Van Johnson 

1955 A barátnők

1955 Az Isten bal keze   James "Jim" Carmody   Humprey Bogart 

 1955:Nem vagyunk angyalok     Joseph              Humprey Bogart 

1956 A bigámista 

1956 A boszorkány   Camoin                          Michel Etcheverry

1956 Hosszú kéz      Ward őrmester               John Stratton 

1956 A párizsi Notre Dame       Gaston Phoebus de 

                                                         Chateupers kapitány    Jean Danet 

1956 A tévedés áldozata             Emmanuel Christopher   Henry Fonda

                                                          "Manny"Balestrero

1957 Csendes Don                         Stockman                     Viliam Shatunovsky

1957 Egy szélhámos vallomásai   Stanko                           Heinz Reincke 

1957 Újra szól a hatlövetű              Wyatt Earp                  Burt Lancaster

                                                            rendőrbíró  

   1958 Idegen a                                James Mc Kay               Gregory Peck 

   cowboyok között                      

1958 Levelek a szélben                  Jacques                           Ernst Stankovski

1958 Montparnasse 19                  Léopold Zborowsky        Gérard Séty

1963 Winnetou 1.rész(1.szinkron)   Old Shatterhand             Lex Barker

1964  Winnetou 2.rész -Az                Old Shatterhand           Lex Barker 

utolsó renegátok(1.szinkron)

1965  Winnetou 3.rész -Winnetou       Old Shatterhand         Lex Barker 

halála (1.szinkron)

1966 Winnetou és                                    Old Shatterhand        Lex Barker 

a félvér Apanacsi 

(1.szinkron)

1968(1988)      Kémek a Sasfészekben     John Smith               Richard Burton 

1968                 Funny girl                             Nick Arnstein           Omar Sharif 

1974               A rendőrség                           Eduard "Eddi" Ascher Heinz Behrens

                      száma  110-IV/6.rész:A 

                       hirdetés 

1974    Pokoli TOrony             Doug Roberts, építész                 Paul Newman

1975 Egy zseni, két haver,     Cabot őrnagy                            Patrick Mc Gohan

egy balek (Mokép-féle szinkron)

1975 Gyalog galopp               Artúr király                              Graham Chapman

1975    Klein úr                        Robert Klein                              Alain Delon

1976 Todo modo                      Don Gaetano                      Marcello Mastroianni

1977 A rendőrség                   Jürgen Hübner főhadnagy Jürgen Frohriep

száma 110-VII/6.rész:A 

számvetés 

1983 Legyetek jók,ha tudtok                   Loyolai Ignác      Philippe Leroy

1986 A pénz színe                               Eddie Felson             Paul Newman

1990 Derrick-

XVII/5.rész :A pokol küszöbén             Arnold Kiesing          Wolf Roth 

1991:A szépség és a                             Mesélő 

szörnyeteg 

1997:Rex a kölyökfelügyelő              Joe Felsner                      Friedrich von Thun

Rádió, hangjáték(Radio, radio play)

Dold-Mihajlik:Ordasok között(1961)

Szemes Piroska:A házasság története(1963)

Róna Tibor:Húsz éven felülieknek (1964)

Lunacsarszkij:Cromwell(1965)

Lope de Vega:Hej Madrid, Madrid(1966)

Racine:Pereskedők(1968)

Zoltán Péter:A legendás szalmakalap(1968)

Névapárti muzsikusok-Epizódok Pétervár zenei múltjából(1969)

Hilda Lawrence:Sárga kesztyűk(1970)

Kosztolányi Dezső:Fogfájás(1970)

Radványi Dezső:A gavallér vendég(1970)

Schiller:Tell Vilmos(1970)

Henry Kane:A nevem:Chambers(1971)

Balogh László:A tűnékeny alma(1972)

Hubay Miklós:Kalóz(1972)

"Kóborlásaim idején......"(1972)

Illyés Gyula:Fáklyaláng(1972)

Wolfgang Borchert:Az ajtón kívül(1975)

Az ember hivattatása-misztérium(1976)

Mesterházi Lajos:Regále(1976)

Ady Endre:A műhelyben(1977)

Barca, Pedro Calderon de la:Az élet álom(1977)

Hegedűs Géza:Az égbolt és a kupola(1977)

Karinthy Ferenc:Visszajátszás(1977)

Lope de Vega:Sevilla csillaga(1977)

Radnóti László:Halálfúga(1977)

Csurka István:Defenzív vezetés(1978)

Geoffrey Chaucer:Canterbury mesék(1979)

Déry Tibor:Képzelt riport egy amerikai popfesztiválról(1979)

Teleki László:Kegyenc(1980)

Mikszáth Kálmán:Akli Miklós(1982)

Dino Buzzati:A nagy képmás(1984)

Kovács Rózsa:Lótuszok kertje(1985)

Anna Seghers:Jeanne d'Arc pöre Rouenban1431-ben(1988)

Gosztonyi János:A hontalan(1998)

Kabdebó Tamás:Thomas Mann üdvözlése(2002)

Prizes, recognitions(Díjai, elismerései)

Jászai Mari-díj(1970)

SZOT-díj(1973)

Érdemes művész(1977)

Kazinczy-díj(1995)

A Magyar Köztársasági Érdemrend 

tisztikeresztje(1996)

Kiváló művész(2002)

Kossuth-díj(2013)

Budapest díszpolgára(2013)

Cornelius -életműdíj(2015)

A Nemzet Művésze(2016)

Budapest II.kerület díszpolgára(2016)

Kossuth-nagydíj(2021)

A Magyar Filmakadémia életműdíja(2021)

Széchenyi-örökség Okmánya(2021)

Source:Mécs Károly Wikipédia 

Tankcsapda Rock Music Band

Tankcsapda(Tank Trap)is a Hungarian rock band, founded in February 1989 in Debrecen by Lukács László guitarist, singer, Buzsik György drums, and Tóth Labancz Attila "Labi" bass guitars.

In the beginning they played punk-rock music.Later on hard-rock, heavy-metal sounds came in.Thanks to heavy metal songs, their public broadened.

The most important trademark of Tankcsapda Band are the texts of their songs written by Lukács László.Nowdays Tankcsapda is one of the most successful and popular rock bands, already known abroad and their songs are played by radio stations also.

THeir record of 2006, Everybody waits something, became platinum record.Since 2001 all of their records became gold category.THeir studio record Liliput Hollywood was edited in 2019.

In 2020 they announced their jubilating concert of 30 years of foundation entitled "Three Decades".

History

The beginning(1989-1993)

Their official beginning was 14th of October 1989.At that day they performed before Aurora Band in Debrecen.Their first demo was entitled Grief is created in December 1989.Their first two records were created in punk style and sound.Time passed the Tankcsapda songs transformed into hard rock stylish musical songs.As consequence less and less punk music were created and edited.

Years of 90's passed by performances. They performed abroad(Germany)and home places.They perfomred also at Petőfi Csarnok stage.Although continous travelling they edited their first studio record, Punk&Roll in 1990.In 1992 the casette The Best Poison was edited.In 1994 both of the albums have been re-edited on casette and compact disc.On the A side of the casette the song Punk&Roll can be listened.On B side the song The Best Poison was taken.Just the casette contains songs U.S. and Take away jokes!(Félre a tréfát!).

In 1993 the bassist Tóth Laboncz Attila gone away in January.Molnár "Cseresznye"Levente changed him.Lukács took bassist position.Tankcsapda continued his tour, with Bands Sex Action and Moby Dick.In August they made their noisy appearance and had success at Zánka Popmarket.THeir editing house noted him.

Way to acknowledgement(1994-1999)

In March 1994 has been edited the record and compact disc Vorms are Coming.Their great hey acknowledgement was playing before Motörhead and partiing with them.Date was the 7th of June.In August of 1994 they reached a main step.They performed at Sziget Fesztivál. 

THey know and the rock profession knows their mentally disturbed underground "colleague"the bat fucking crane painter and polite serial killer (udvarias tömeggyilkos), guitar smasher and ancient X Faktor celebrity bathering mentors.

In 1995 started the Competition of Liing Bands.THis Competition took start after a German Tour. Hazudós Zenekarok Versenye was a serial Tour.Tankcsapda went on stage and toured in the country with Kispál és a Borz, Nyers and Pál Utcai Fiúk.After the tour the second record THe Man Previews has been edited.THe tour following the record happened at Christmas in Petőfi Csarnok.

In 1996 followed the first concert record entitled Eleven.Man Plans record reached Golden Record Category.

In November Lukács Laci suffered from a parachutiste accident and got hospital treatement but recovered.

In November of that year went into shops the EP Cause for Sale and the Documentary presenting the history of Tankcsapda.Cause For Sale is a foreign language album.

THey begun the year 1997 with a short clubbing tour in Slovakia and Germany.After they began their Hungary concert tour.In April their drummer Buzsik György has fallen down from stage so they annulated their concert dates.Accident happened in Kecskemét before their performance.As consequence Lukács and Cseresznye took a drum machine to write songs.

At Sziget Fesztivál of 1997 The Book Tankcsapda was edited.At that Sziget they registered two reports with Channels of French MCM and MTVe Europe.

In September The Connector 567 e record has been edited.Then announce came from Tankcsapda to continue without Buzsik György.Elek Ottó changed Buzsik.Elek Ottó toured with Tankcsapda and they performed also with Junkies and Irigy Hónaljmirigy.

In 1999 Sony Music Records made contract with Tankcsapda.The record Ha zajt akartok!(If you want noise) edited by Sony Music Records.In September of that year Lukács recorded the demo song Mennyország Tourist with Fejes Tamás.The Tenth Anniversary Tankcsapda honoured with a concert in Hajdúszoboszló.Original members performed again.The record Tankológia(Tankology) aimed to Tankcsapda fans, containing unedited songs came out in November.At the end of year they fired their manager Kémeri Péter and Elek Ottó.

The reknown Tankcsapda(2000-2011)

They began the new year and Millenium with Fejes Tamás drummer.Only Lukács and Fejes stayed because Cseresznye travelled to United States for several months. THeir next record Agyarország has been edited in January 2001.It became Gold in bare than half years.

In the beginning of 2002 the introducing Grief! has been re-edited supplemented with four, unedited songs.Tankcsapda won this year Golden Giraffe Price in Modern Rock Category.The record Agyarország won.

In the beginning of 2003 they started working on new record.THeir Maxi:Szextárgy(Sex OBject) came out.They toured also and Itt vannak a tankok!came out.Itt vannak a tankok!(Tanks are here) is a concert movie.

The record Élni vagy égni(Live or burn) was edited in September 2003.THis is the most successful record of Tankcsapda.It got Golden Category in bare two months.In 2004 the Band won Emerton, Fonogram, Artisjus.THeir videos conquered Hungarian TV music channels. THeir single Örökké tart(It goes to ethernity) leads radio playlists.

In 2004 Lukács suffered of a parachutiste accident some days before Sziget.As consequence Tankcsapda could not perform.Their summer concerts of that year were annulated.At that year the two records Legjobb Mérgek(Best of Poisons) mix record has been edited.

After two years came out in 2006 another record.Title is Mindenki vár valamit(All are waiting anything).The record was presented on a great Hungarian concert tour.

At 8th of November 2007 The Mindenki Vár Valamit concert tour record has been edited.Title is Elektromágnes. (Elektromagnetic).The title came from a new studio record.At that year was created the video California Über Alles of Soproni Rocks.The Band has also drew their two guitars amongst fans.

That was year 2009 when they edited their mini record Köszönet doktor!(Thank you doctor!)as supplement of Pesti Est.At the 14th of October at the Twentieth Anniversary of Tankcsapda Alexandra Records edited the eleventh record Minden Jót!(All the best!).

In 2010 The Tankcsapda Band edited the videoclip Mindentől Távol(Far from everything) and in 2011 Új nap vár(New day is waiting).

Rockmaffia(2012)

At the 16th of January 2012 after THe New Days is Waiting Tour of 2011, Molnár "Cseresznye" Levente left Tankcsapda.The official press announce reason was the indifference of Cseresznye after long years in Tankcsapda.Official announce came at 20th of February that the new guitarist who changed Molnár is Sidlovics Gábor "Sidi".THe three member band immediately began the work on new studio record.Their new song and the video Mi a fasz van?(What the fuck is?)were presented on 26 March of that year.At the end of June they edited their mini record with songs Mi a fasz van?and Hatalom nélküli rend(Order without power).The new record Rockmaffia Debrecen came out on 8th of November 2012.After 5000 pieces sold it became Gold Record.

Members

Present members

Lukács László-singer, bass guitarist 

Fejes Tamás-drum(since 2000)

Sidlovics Gábor "Sidi" -guitar(since 2012)

Ancient members

Buzsik György-dob(drum)(1989-1997)

Elek Ottó-drum(1997-2000)

Tóth Laboncz Attila-bass guitarist, vocals(1989-1992)

Molnár Levente "Cseresznye"-guitar, vocal(1993-2012)

Discography

Studio records

Baj van!(demo 1989)

Punk&Roll (1990)

A legjobb méreg(1992)

Jönnek a férgek(1992)

Az ember tervez (1995)

Connector:567(1997)

Ha zajt akartok(1999)

Agyarország(2001)

Baj van(2002,1989)

Élni vagy égni(2003)

Mindenki vár valamit(2006)

Minden jót(2009)

Rockmaffia Debrecen(2012)

Urai vagyunk a helyzetnek(2014)

Liliput Hollywood(2019)

Prizes, Recognitions 

VIVA Television-Megawatt Ászok Prize:2004

Magyar Könnyűzenéért VIVA COMET DÍJ(2013)

(Hungarian rock pop music VIVA COMET PRIZE)

Golden Giraffe and Fonogram Prize(Arany Zsiráf és Fonogram Díj)

2000:Ha zajt akartok!  Az év hazai rock albuma   Jelölve

Tankológia                     AZ év hazai rock albuma   Jelölve

2002:"Ez az a ház"       Az év hazai dala                Jelölve

Agyarország           Az év hazai modern rock albuma  Elnyerte  

2003:Baj van!         AZ év hazai modern rock albuma   Jelölve

2004:Élni vagy égni  Az év hazai rock albuma          ELnyerte 

2005:"Örökké tart"     Az év hazai dala                     Elnyerte

2007:Mindenki vár valamit Az év hazai rock albuma Jelölve 

2008:Elektromágnes   Az év hazai rock albuma         Jelölve

2010:Minden jót    Az év hazai hard rock vagy metál albuma Jelölve 

2012:Rockmaffia Debrecen Az év hazai hard rock vagy metál albuma  Jelölve

2014:Urai vagyunk a helyzetnek Az év hazai hard rock vagy metál albuma Jelölve

Notes 

Further informations

Official website of Tankcsapda

tankcsapda.hu

Tankcsapda photo gallery:(music.hu/index.php?m=foto&id=59)

Tankcsapdáról megjelent híranyagok:(web.archive.org/web/20070927001704/https://www.music.hu/news.php?eloado=59)

Tankcsapda linkgyűjtemény:tankcsapda.lap.hu

CLS Records Editing House of Tankcsapda:web.archive.org /web/20140729042858/https://cls.hu

Tankcsapda live pics:(rockxpress.ro/galerii/sziget08/tank.html)

Tankcsapda fan page:(web.archive.org/web/20091208110929/https://halgass.hu/zenekarok/tankcsapda)

Tankcsapda news:(rockvilag.hu/index_php?option=com_tag&task=tag&tag=tancsapda&ltemid=182)

Felhőjáró Baksa-Sós Attila :Rocklitera Vol.02.Collective Art 55-60.o.(2012)

ISBN9789638942005

Váradi Ferenc:Tankcsapda 

Beszélgetések, Fotók,vélemények,dalszövegek, Tankcsapda Debrecen 1993

Horváth Zsolt:Magyar Rocklexikon.A Tankcsapdától a Vágtázó Halottkémekig Vagabund Kecskemét 2008

Bakó Csaba:Tankcsapda Tele a tankot 12 év képekben Tankcsapda Music Kft  Debrecen 2012+DVD 

Bakó Csaba-Kertész Tímea:Liliput Hollywood A kendőzetlen igazság Tankcsapda Tankcsapda Music Kft Debrecen 2019 

Source:Tankcsapda Wikipedia

Lukács László(singer)

Lukács László was born in Debrecen on 19th of February 1968.He is founder of Tankcsapda Rock Band and singer of the band.

Musical work

Lukács with two friends Buzsik György and Tóth "Labi" Laboncz Attila decided to start their rock band.Date was the beginning of 1989.Tankcsapda started at the 14th of October 1989.The Band debuted before the Aurora Band at a concert.

At the starting period Lukács played on guitar and wrote songs of Tankcsapda.When Tóth Labi left the Band in 1992, Molnár "Cseresznye"Levente changed him.So Lukács changed to bass guitar.Lukács told in several reports that he is an autodidact.

Lukács is or was a fan of parachutism.Flying theme appears in Tankcsapda songs.

He is the well known fan of DVSC soccer team.Song of Hymn of Loki was written by Lukács, music composed by Tankcsapda.

Music Bands 

Vörös Kakas(1985-1989) -alapító, basszusgitár,ének

Red Coq-Founder, bassist, singer

PG Csoport(1986-1990) -basszusgitár, ének  

Tankcsapda(1989) alapító, basszusgitár,ének

Discography

Tankcsapda

Interventions

Necropsia-Mélység(Deepness) (1995) Producer 

Hobo Blues Band-Vadaskert(1996) singer

Black-out -Spirálgenerációdfd(koncertalbum2004)ének

Prizes

2003:Emerton Prize Songwriter of the Year

2004:Artisjus Prize 

2018:Petőfi Music Prize-Man Performer of the Year 

source:Lukács László Wikipedia

Fejes Tamás 

Born:Debrecen 1973.március 15.

He began drum learning at the age of 12.He learnt, listening Beatles records.

His parents sent him to music school.Then he was member of Nostalgic Blues Band.He started his first music group with his brother Fejes János.He performs in Tankcsapda since year 2000.Songs like Mennyország Tourist and Üdvözöl a Pokol are songs of Fejes Tomi.He is also an entrepreneur having his musical instruments commercial shop in Debrecen.

Sidlovics Gábor "Sidi"

Born:Nagykanizsa, 1976.május 5.

He started Zanzibár rock band in 1999.He founded Mafia Rock Band in 2006.

THis group performed often before Tankcsapda.In 2012 he left Zanzibár and took Cseresznye place in Tankcsapda.

Ancient members 

Tóth Laboncz Attila "Labi"(bass guitarist 1989-1992

He is founding member of Tankcsapda.After the success of Legjobb Méreg he left Tankcsapda in 1993.Later he appeared in Replika Rock Group in Debrecen.He played on record Ima(Prays) of 1998. He started his Group Benzin in 2003.

Buzsik György(drums 1989-1997)

Founding member of Tankcsapda.He performed on record Connektor:567.

Elek Ottó(drums 1997-1999)

He changed Buzsik and came from the Band Unifit Ass.He came at autumn of 1997 and went away at the end of 1999.He performed in song Mennyország Tourist on mix record Tankológia.

Molnár Levente "Cseresznye"(guitarist 1993-2012)

Born.1972 július 30.

He learnt guitar playing because influenced by AC/DC as autodidacte.The nickname "Cseresznye" (Cherry) came from cseresznyepálinka (cherry brandy).He began to work as road and in 1993 he advanced and became guitarist.Tankcsapda was the first serious rock band of his career.He played his singles on record Legjobb Méreg as guest musician.He left Tankcsapda at the 16th of January.

Then he moved to New York and in 2013 he started his new rock band.This band was Gun4Gun which Cseresznye started with a Hungarian friend and two plas of New York.They edited their first "Dark Crown"song.

source:List of Tankcsapda members-wikipedia

Zanzibár Music Band

Zanzibár is a Hungarian pop rock music band.

Antecedants 

The group was founded on 2nd of January 1999.Members were some musicians of three other bands of Cegléd-Artéria, Space Box, and Fear of Silence.Sidlovics Gábor József(Sidi), Nagy Gábor(Gabszi), Steklács Miklós(MikC), and Kovács András Donát(Doni).At that time they were looking for a singer.

The police officer Terecskei Rita stopped the musicians on road to home from a concert. SHe left them going, so they took her for lead singer.THis is a fictous story imagined by the musicians.BUt they saw Rita with a girl friend in a Club of Cegléd singing a Janis Joplin song.THen guys asked Rita to sing for Zanzibár.She had to memorize two songs from a Kim Novak casette.At the 2nd of January the five members began the rehersals.

THe name of group came from book of Bár written by Vámos Miklós.In this book a party place between the two wars, Zanzibár is written.The Club has been situated in Budapest and actors, musicians, bohems visited this place.In the book there is also a world about the sunny Island of Zanzibár.THat is why they took this name.

Career

The first Zanzibár record Nem vagyok tökéletes (I am not perfect) edited in 2001.Later this album reached gold record level later.From that record three mini records were copied.Nem vagyok tökéletes, Vágyom rád, and Szólj már.

At that date Zanzibár toured with the Band Vénusz around the country.Their popularity grew everywhere.

At 16th of November 2002 the record Ugyanaz vagyok ( I am the same) was edited.It became gold record.THree mini records came out, copied from that album.Táncolunk(we dance), Szerelemről szó sem volt(We never talked love),Érintés(Touch).In 2003 Zanzibár performed more than 150 times and was invited also to Transsylvania(Erdély).

The third record Az igazi nevem(my real name)has been edited on 12th of May 2004.THe video made to the mini recorded song "Nem szeretsz"(You don't love me) is so horrific that is viewed only at night.For the day view the light version has been done.Light version tells antecedants of the horroristic story.Another mini record Az igazi nevem came out.At the same time  the Group toured in Erdély with another band The Bikini.

In 2005 came out the fourth record.Title is Egy új napra ébredsz(You raise for a new day).Three mini records have been copied and edited from that record.

Ilyen az élet, Lehetek a ........, Új napra ébredsz.(THat is life, I could be....., You raise for a new day).

In 2008 came the fifth record Őrangyal.THree mini records were edited from that record.Rockabili, Jönnek az újak, Las Vegas.

In 2009 because of disputes Gabszi left Zanzibár.The Band stayed and continued four membered and in 2011 they edited their sixth record Ádám keresi ÉVát.

At that year Sidi also left Zanzibár and joined Tankcsapda.Jülek Tamás guitarist and Nagy "Liszt"Zsolt key players changed founders.In 2014 the new key player was Cséry Zoltán and a new violonist player joined them, Hodászi Klára.At the month of September of same year members left and Nagy Gábor Gabszi came back.

THeir seventh record came out,entitled Mindient lehet mindent szabad.It became also gold.

In 2017 Gabszi left the Group second times and brother of Sidlovics, Ferenc and Kállai János came in.SO Zanzibár plays with two guitarists.

From January 2019 contra-bassist of Black-Out and Special Providence Bands, Fehérvári Attila took the place of bassist, Steklács Miklós.

Members

Terecskei Rita (singer)(Cegléd 1979 július 27)(1999-)

Sidlovics Ferenc(guitar)(2017-)

Kállai János(guitar)(2017-)

Fehérvári Attila(bass-guitar)(2017-)

Kovács András Donát Doni(drums)(1999-)

Ancient members

Steklács Miklós(bassguitar)(1999-2018)

Nagy Gábor(Gabszi)(Nyíregyháza 1974 június 8(1999-2009,2014-2017)

Sidlovics Gábor József(Sidi)(guitar)(Nagykanizsa 1976 5.5)(1999-2012)

Nagy Nono Norbert(solist-guitarist)(2013-14)

Cséry Zoltán(key instruments) (2013-14)

Hodászi Klára(violons,vocal)(2014)

Jülek Tamás(guitar)(2012-13)

Nagy "Liszt"Zsolt(key instruments)(2012-13)

Discography

2001 Nem vagyok tökéletes Legmagasabb helyezés MAHASZ Top 40 album-és válogatáslemez 5 Minősítés Aranylemez

2002 Ugyanaz vagyok       8

Aranylemeze 

2004 Az igazi nevem          6

2005 Új napra ébredsz        29

2008 ŐRangyal                     22

2009 10 éves nagykoncert    1999-2009 39

2011  Ádám keresi Évát       19

2012 Best of 1999-2012       40

2015  Mindent lehet, mindent szabad  3

Aranylemez 

Videos

Nem vagyok tökéletes 

Vágyom rád 

Szólj már

Táncolunk

Szerelemről szó sem volt

Érintés 

Nem szeretsz

Az igazi nevem

Ilyen az élet!

Új napra ébredsz

Lehetek a 

Rockabili 

Jönnek újak

Las Vegas

Ádám keresi Évát

Március végétől

Indulás a Holdra fel!

Mindent Lehet Mindent Szabad, Tedd be, Mégis jó nekem, Lélegezz velem(Négy az egyben próbateremben)

Ma

Mi van?

Eltévedtél

Slágerlistás dalok

Év     Dal         VIVA chart       MAHASZ Editors 

Choice             MAHASZ Rádiós Top 40     MAHASZ Dance Top 40  MAHASZ single (track) Top 10      MAHASZ single Euro 200 

Album 

2001 SZólj már    ?

                              2

                                      5

Nem vagyok tökéletes

Táncolunk                   7              19

                                                      Ugyanaz vagyok

2002:Szerelemről szó sem volt 71 

                  1

        Érintés                           7    13

                      25

2005:Nem szeretsz            8     15

                      23

     36                                   7

                                 Az igazi nevem

Az igazi nevem         2    5

                17

  16

Ilyen az élet           ?       17

Új napra ébredsz   15   16

                      4           Új napra ébredsz

                      156

2007:Lehetek a............            1

                    4

2008:Rockabili                         7

                                              Őrangyal

Jönnek  újak                              30

2010:Ádám keresi Évát                  39

                 7                      Ádám keresi Évát

2011:Március végétől

                    16

2014:Újra 

                   9

Indulás a Holdra fel!

                              29                     13

Összesítés 

1.helyezett számok        1

1                            1

Top 10 be bekerült          4

2                                6

2

Top40be bekerült               6

9                                                    12

                                           2

2

Elismerések és díjak(Recognizes and Prizes)

2002

Arany Zsiráf Díj-AZ ÉV felfedezettje

Új Korosztály Művészeti Díj-Sláger Rádió és EJI

Bravo Otto Díj-Az Év Magyar Rockzenekara

2003

Arany Zsiráf Díj-AZ Év Modern Rockalbuma (Ugyanaz Vagyok)

eMerton Díj-Az ÉV Felfedezett Együttese

Bravo Otto Díj-Az ÉV Magyar Rockzenekara  

Popcorn Díj:Év Magyar Rockzenekara

Coca-Cola Díj-Az ÉV élő koncertje a Beach House-on

Arany Nyíl-az ÉV énekesnője-Terecskei Rita

Notes 

Sources

Official site of Zanzibár:(web.archive.org/web/200990118060858/https://zanzibar.hu)

Zene.hu(www.zene.hu/mazeszak/reszletk.php?id=528)

Allmusic.hu(www.allmusic.hu/index.php?SID=&oldal=eloadolista&h_id=4464

MAHASZ:web.archive.org/web/200904271030/https://www.mahasz.hu/m/index.php)

Euro200(apcchart.com)

Terecskei Rita:Már nem vagyunk együtt Jáksóval

(origo.hu/vendegszoba/zene/20060531terecskei.html)

Sági Jutka-Ruszkai Edit:Az igazi nevünk Zanzibár, 1999-2009, EMI Zenei Kft, Bp.2009

source:Zanzibár Wikipédia

Beatrice

Beatrice(Ricse or Nagy Feró and the Beatirce) Hungarian rock band.Beatrice was founded as girl band in 1969.In starting era they played remixes.Nagy Feró joined the Band in 1971 as lead singer.In next times members changed and they wrote own and new songs.THey played Glam Rock music, en vogue at that time.This Period began in 1974.THey tried to contract with the record compagnies. Because of the goal of reaching success, they played disco music from 1976.

Beatrice broke in 1977 but Nagy Feró, Miklóska Lajos(bass guitarist), Lugosi László(guitarist), Gidőfalvy Attila(key instruments) restarted Beatrice and they played AC/DC based rock music.At that time they wrote their classic like Jerikó, Nagyvárosi Farkas, and Angyalföld.

THe communist, socialist worker (MSZMP) cultural politics persecuted Beatrice.The Band broke again in 1981.

Beatrice became successful after 1987 when re-formed shortly before the end of socialism.THeir first private edited record came out in 1988.Their second record Utálom az egész XX.századot(I hate 20th century) led the selling record list of MAHASZ for 40 weeks.It became first also.THe greatest song is 8 óra munka.(8 hours of work).THey performed before full arenas in the whole country.In 1994 Beatrice became two membered.Members were Nagy Feró and Brúger László.Brúger is guitarist, Nagy Feró reorganized the Group the same year.THe name changed.It became New Beatrice.Later on their name became "Nagy Feró és a Beatrice".

THeir DVD registering their concerts of 30 years reached first place of MAHASZ DVD list.

History

early beatrice(1969-1977)

Foundation date is 1969 as girls band.First formation was the following.Csuka Mónika(singer, guitarist), Nagy Katalin(key instruments), Hamar Krisztina(bass-guitarist), Csuka Mónika(drums).The disco queen of 1980's Szűcs Judith also performed in Beatrice as organe player.In 1970 Csuka Mária wrote the song Jóbarátom and Beatrice performed the song with Komár László.THe song has been also edited on mini record.

In 1970 they founded their music club in Kőbánya Telephone Factory.They performed here, playing remixes.They played remixes of Jimi Hendrix, Fire, Shocking Blue, Venus, Middle of the Road, Chirpy CHirpy Chip-Chip, The Equals, Michale and The Slipper Tree(Misi és a Fapapucs), I1am a Man(Joe Cocker version).In 1971 Nagy Feró married Csuka Mónika and at the end of year he joined Beatrice as singer.Members changed continously and girls disappeared.Nagy Kati entered Tűzkerék Band.Csuka Mónika entered Vadmacskák Band.In 1972 arrived Bencsik Sándor guitarist, and the bassist Temesvári András.Also came the drum player Temesvári Péter.Nagy Károly key player also entered Beatrice.Gáti Zoltán guitarist changed Bencsi Sándor.

After Nagy Károly left Beatrice, they continued performing with five members without key instrumentalist.They did not owned own songs, they played remixes of Sweet, Mud, Gary Glitter, Suzy Quatro and other Glam Rock style music.Feró is a unique man and musician and concerts reflected his unique personnality.Visual effects which are or were unknown until than have been implicated.

In summer of 1974 after some changes the new Beatrice presented in Kőbánya Youth Center.Cziránku Sándor became guitarist, Barile Pasquale drummer changed Temesvári Péter.After Temesvári András left the Band, Csuka Mónika also played bass-guitar.At that time they performed Glam Rock music, and Hungarian State Radio the song Csak egy szó.THis is Csuka Mónika song.THeir first demos were created.In their concerts they performed their own songs.THe FMH concert given at 10th of OCtober 1976 has been registered by Hungarian Public Radio.

In 1977 Beatrice changed musical direction and played disco music for greater popularity.They performed in radio programme Tessék Választani with song Gyere kislány gyere.THis song has been edited on a mix record on Tessék Választani.Guitarist was Marchalkó Zoltán at that time.

Csuka Mónika became member of Mikrolied Girl Vocalist Band in 1976.They fusioned with Beatrice.They thought to edit their common record but they could not so Beatrice disbanded.

The black lamb Beatrice(1978-1981)

In 1978 Beatrice reformed.Thanks to Miklós Tibor song writer Nagy Feró(Kossuth Prize 2021) discovered AC/DC music.He oriented Beatrice towards blies rock direction.In first formation Nagy Feró, Gidőfalvy Attila(key instruments), Lugosi László guitarist, Miklóska Lajos bassist, Donászy Tibor (drum) performed.In first times they played songs of Deep Purple, AC/DC and Ramones in Ifjúsági Park(Youth Park) in Budapest.Later they edited own songs.Jerikó, Motorizált nemzedék, Kifakult sztár, Térden állva, Viszlát, Nagyvárosi farkas, Nem kell.In 1978 Beatrice was the fourth most prefered band behind P.Mobil, Piramis and Mini according to Ifipark public.

When in 1979 the punk style broke into Hungary(Sex Pistols), official cultural media nominated Beatrice punk band.When a girl, in a concert masturbated with a bone, Beatrice was banned in Ifipark.SOme legends, mainly urban legends spread also about Beatrice so the Band became banned.One of well known urban legend is the chicken grinding.Dr.Erdős Péter announced that as fact in television.After this event Beatrice supported the low couche society.Thanks to communist media their bad reputation spreaded.

They were banned in several counties and state security official organs continously bathered the musicians.Although their recognition and popularity quickly raised around the country.They wear leather trousers, torn jeans, leather waistcoat and their particular bean scarf.

Year was 1979 when Gidófalvi Attila left Beatrice and entered Karthágó.Beatrice continued without key instrumentalist.At that year Beatrice got the possibility of registering a record in Studio 6 of Public Radio.B.Révész László made a film about the young people endangered and desired to use Beatrice music.The record edition happened later, in 1993 after the end of Socialist Era.(Trouven records banned songs 1979).In Socialist Era they had no record. Although Public Radio played the song Minek él az olyan in 1980.This Fényes Szabolcs-Szenes Iván song was performed by Beatrice.

Beatrice also played in the Movie Pofonok Völgye about Papp László box-champion.They played the song Mire megy itt a játék with Bródy text.This song has been edited on mini record.The song concour of KISZ(Association of Young Communists) brought Beatrice winning with the song Nem nekem tanulsz.In July they performed before Omega and LGT and the Kisstadion 80 concert record came out also with Beatrice.Beatrice, P.Mobil and Hobo Blues Band performed at Hajógyár Sziget(Island) in 23rd of August 1980.Before them A.E.Bizottság performed.These three bands performed three days later at Körmend.Title of performance was Fekete Bárány Show.At the end of 1980 Lugosi left Beatrice and joined Dinamit.Bogdán Csaba changed Lugosi and Vedres József guitarist and Waszlavik László key instrumentalist also arrived.Betiltott dalokII./1981(Tudományos Rockizmus) double record is about this period of rock history.

In March 1981 as pression of Communist Regime, League of Musicians broke away from Beatrice.As result Beatrice was not invited to League Concert in 22nd of August.That concert took place at Hajógyári Sziget.Here all popular rock bands performed.Four days later Nagy Feró announced division of Beatrice.Their last concert happened at Nyíregyházi Ifjúsági Park on 30th of July.Feró and Vedres József and bassist Németh Alajos and Németh Gábor coming from Dinamit founded Bikini in 1982.

Popular Beatrice(1987-1993)

There were signs of Beatrice re-foundation in 1987.They performed in Budai Ifjúsági Park on 22nd of September 1984.They played after Bikini.Nagy Feró(singer), Miklóska(rhythm guitar), Lugosi(guitar), Donászy(drums), Waszlawik(key instruments). Trunkos András (ex Rolls Frakció) also played with them.Then in 1986 they continued also with Zsoldos Tamás in FMH.From the beginning of 1987 Donászy went to Edda Művek and Kreutz László changed him.On 2nd May 1987 at Petőfi Csarnok they announced Beatrice refoundation.Members were Nagy Feró, Miklóska, Lugosi, Waszlawik, Zsoldos, Kreutz.Soon Waszlawik left Beatrice.

In 1988 after breaking down or ending of monopoly of record edition of Hungarian Communist State, Beatrice engaged with Ring Private Record House.Their first double record was edited here entitled Beatrice '78-88.On first record Old Rice songs got place.On the second one the newest ones.Such an evergreen Beatrice song is Azok a boldog szép napok.This song was singed by Fidesz leaders and members on 21st of March 1990 together with Nagy Feró.The song is played often in Petőfi Rádió also nowdays.Another more serious song is A kétezredik év felé.At that record drummer was Hirlemann Bertalan.

In 1989 end year of Socialism Beatrice became popular.Point of vew of ten years earlier matured.THings went so quickly that Miklóska Lajos left the Band.Zselenc László bassist and Pálmai László drummer arrived.In 1990 Hungaroton Editing House edited the record Gyermekkorunk lexebb dalai.The Amuri Partizánok Dala the well known uttörő song of Socialist Era became quickly popular.At that time joined Beatrice the rythm guitarist Brüger László.

Seen the success, Bors Jenő chief of Magyar Hanglemezkiadó Vállalat, who renounced to edit Beatrice record now contracted the Band.Quint Edition House edited the Utálom az egész XX.századot record.This record was edited in 1991 and meant the top for Beatrice.Beatrice had great success with rewrote punk rock version songs like 8óra munka, Hegyek között, Pancsoló kislány.The record was presented for 40 weeks at TOP selling list of MAHASZ and gone until first place.Beatrice was the main rock group in 1991 at First Rock Festival of Eastern Europe at Hajógyár Sziget.At the 23rd of November they made full house concert at Budapest Sportcsarnok.The concert record A Beatrice legjobb dalai was edited in 1992.This record occupied the 3rd place of MAHASZ.After the ancient Rice member Lugosi László and drummer Pálmai left Beatrice.

The record Vidám Magyarok had the third place on MAHASZ list.It was made by Nagy Feró, Brüger and Zselenc.In 1993 Lugosi László went and Vedres Joe came.In 1981 Vedres Joe already performed in Beatrice.Drummer became Nétmeth Gábor founder of Bikini.But in 1994 Vedres, Németh and Zselenc left Beatrice.

New Beatrice(1994-2009)

In '90s the whole Beatrice changed, except Feró.Waszlawik Gazember László came back and young rockers arrived.Laczik Ferenc from Akcióegység Band changed Heffner Attila.Heffner Attila plays on bass-guitar.In 1995 Laczik Ferenc gone and Brúger László came.Two young guitarists entered Beatrice from ex-Phobia Band.Péter Zsolt and Székely Károly.At the same time Waszlawik went away also and Új Beatrice formed.Új Beatrice made his demo in 1996.This demo was edited in record format entitled Ki veszi át edited by Hungaroton.This record contains 13 songs.This time drummer Nagy Zoltán left Beatrice and Fülöp István ex-Phobia came.

In 1998 the Beatrice video Magyar Vagyok(I'am Hungarian) was edited.This is a concert video.THe performance happened in E-Club on 27th of February in Népliget.At that time Beatrice performed in Petőfi Sörkert.At same year happened the Beatrice Jubilee Concert of 20 years.In 4th of September the whole Rice Era presented.The record was edited by Premier Art Record House.In 1999 Vakarom a studio record was edited also by Premier Aert.Main song is Macarena Beatrice remix.Style is punk.During the year EMI-Quint reedited old Beatrice songs.

(Utálom az egész XX.századot, A Beatrice legjobb dalai, Vidám magyarok, Betiltott dalok).

After Socialism Nagy Feró and Beatrice appeared near to MDF and Fidesz.They performed at events of MIÉP and Hatvannégy Vármegye Ifjúsági Mozgalom.Such events were Nemzeti Dal Ünnepe, Magyar Sziget.They also performed at motocyclist meetings. Since the year 2000 Nagy Feró became chief-editor of radical Pannon Rádió.

After six years Beatrice members changed.In 2002 the drummer Fülöp István gone.Hirlemann Bertalan came into his place.Hirlemann was earlier a member of Beatrice and the drummer of record Európai Show Illúzió.In 2003 the two guitarist Péter Zsolt and Székely have gone.Vedres Joe came back and a young guitarist Magasvári Viktor also came.THis formation stayed until 2010.Beatrice Jubilee Feast of 30 years in Petőfi Csarnok happened on 18th of October 2008.The DVD of the event occupied first place of MAHASZ list.

Nowdays(From 2010)

In the beginning of 2010 Nagy Feró announced Beatrice reorganization.Vedres Joe and Hirlemann Bertalan left the Group.THe son of Feró Hunor Attila changed Hirlemann.The young Beatrice began his new record work.Two songs were played in concerts.In the Television Show Icon of Music Television contemporary bands played Beatrice songs.They honoured Beatrice.In March 2011 they began to record their new record.Two months later it was edited entitled Vidámság és Rock&Roll.At the end of 2011 the compact disc version of record of 1988 was re-edited.It is a double version edited by Collective Art.

35th Anniversary of Beatrice has been organized in Petőfi Csarnok on 16th of March 2013.2013 and 14 meant continous performing for Beatrice.THey visited also neighbouring countries several times.THey perform in Tabán since 1970.At Tabán Fesztivál Beatrice, Takáts Tamás, Török Ádám(+), and The New Mini, Mobilmánia and Edda Művek performed on 1st May 2015.

Because of cancer of larynx Lugosi László guitarist died at age of 64.Date was 6th of October 2015.

In August 2016 Tari Botond guitarist joined Beatrice.Before he worked in technician position in the Band.In August and October THe Band published his new songs.Fáj a szívem, Lúzer.In November 2017 The Ricse Ricse Beatricse Musical has been presented at Új Színház in Budapest.This theatrical performance presents rock history of Beatrice.The performance presented Nagy Feró and musicians also.Director is Bozsogi János.The musicians play the famous songs of the Band.

Beginning of 2018 Magasvári Viktor came at Kékkői Zalán place.The Band declared that Kékkői is a perpetual member.In the beginning of February the record Az első 40 év-Live!came out.The performance was registered the year before in Barba Negra party place.The 40th Birthday of Beatrice happened in Arena with a performance.THe performance evoqued different areas of Group.Performance was opened by Miklóska Lajos opening speech.Performing names were Gidófalvy Attila, Donászy Tibor, Magasvári Viktor, Pásztor Anna, Wahorn András, Mező Mihály, Varga Miklós, Kalapács József.Songs were supported by women vocalists and by wind instruments.On 1st of May 2019 the DVD and double compact disc entitled Beatrice 40 Arena Koncert have been edited.

Beatrice edited the COVID inspired song and video Szóljon a rock, de maradj otthon! of March 2020.The Első 40 év-Live! record became Gold Category in 2020.

Recognitions

Transilvanian Music Awards-Különdíj(2013)

Nagy Feró-Kossuth Prize 2021

Members

Nagy Feró-singer(1971-1981-1987-until present times)

Laczik Ferenc-bass guitar(1994-until present)

Kékkői Zalán-guitar(2018-)

Nagy Hunor Attila-drums,percussions(2010-he left in 2024?)

Tari Botond-guitar, key instruments(2016-)

Classic formation(1978-1980)

Nagy Feró-singer

Lugosi László-guitar

Miklóska Lajos-bass guitarist

Donászy Tibor-drum,percussions

Gidófalvy Attila-key instruments(until 1979)

Most successful formation(1989-1992)

Nagy Feró-singer 

Lugosi László-guitarist

Zselencz László-bass guitar

Pálmai Zoltán-drum,percussions

Brúger László-guitar(1991-)

Discography

Studio records

Beatrice '78-'88(1988) -double record

Gyermekkorunk legszebb dalai(1990)

Utálom az egész XX.századot(1991)

Vidám magyarok(1992)

Betiltott dalok("Megkerült hangszalag" 1979)(1993)

Ki viszi át......(1996)

Vakaroma(1999)

Vidámság és rock&roll(2011)

Beatrice '77 -'88(CD újrakiadás 2011)

Concert recordings

Kisstadion'80(1980) -Beatrice-LGT-Omega közös album

A Beatrice legjobb dalai(1992)

20éves a jubileumi koncert(1998)

Betiltott dalok II./1981-Tudományos Rockizmus(2013)-dupla CD, 1981 és nem hivatalos felvételekből összeállítva

Az első 40 év-Live!(2018)

Beatrice40:Aréna koncert(2019)

Other recordings

Jóbarátom(1970)-fél kislemezoldal

Tessék választani '77(1977) -válogatásalbum,rajta a Gyere kislány gyere

Mire megy itt a játék(1980)-fél kislemezoldal

Hamlet(1986)-Nagy Feró szólólemezén a Beatrice tagság játszik

Videos

Magyar vagyok(VHS 1998)

30 éves jubileumi koncert(DVD 2008)

Beatrice40:Aréna koncert(DVD?2019)

Contributions

A nemzeti dal ünnepe(Nemzeti válogatás-2002)

100%blues(Bluesválogatás 2003)

A Rockalbum-A magyar rock 16 nagy pillanata (Rockválogatás-2004)

Feketebárányok koncert-1980(koncertfelvétel-2004)

Bocskai Szabadegyetem Színpada(trianoni emlékműsor CD-je)

Notes

Sources

Further informations

A zenekar hivatalos honlapja 

(beatrice.hu)

Rajongói honlap

beatrice.fw.hu

Privát rocktörténet-sorozat

(youtube.com/watch?)

Beatrice.lap.hu:beatrice.lap.hu-Linkgyűjtemény

A csirkedarálás legendája

(urbanlegends.hu/2009/05/csirkedaralas-legenda-nagy-fero-beatrice-cpg)

Csatári Bence:A Beatrice-mítosz

(web.archive.org/web/20120923152603/https//www.betekinto.hu/2012_2_csatari)-Egy zenekar az állambiztonság figyelmének kereszttüzében.In:Betekintő,2012/2.szám

Litterature 

Zoltán János:Nagy Feró könyv.A Beatrice-sztori.Xact Elektra, Blp, 2010

Bálint Csaba::Miklóska Lajos élete és munkássága, szerzői, Bp, 2018

source:Wikipédia-Beatrice

Pappa Pia The Movie

Pappa Pia is a romantic, musical, comedy film.Its first presentation date was 15th of August 2017.Film director is Csupó Gábor, main actors are Szabó Kimmel Tamás, Ostorházi Bernadett, Nagy Feró.Story is about a boathouse saving in Budapest and contacts between heroes.The movie was seen by 205.000 visitors.

Actors

Tomi Szabó Kimmel Tamás

Mara Ostorházi Bernadett

Papi  Nagy Feró

Wizy Stohl András

Csavargó Reviczky Gábor

Zita Kováts Vera

Tibó   Mózes András

Peti Miller Dávid

Pancsi néni  Zsurzs Kati

Mano Károlyi Krisztián

Ádám Novkov Máté

Robi   Kocsis Dénes

Kitty Tolnai Klára

Szandra Bánovits Vivienne

Papp Rátóti Zoltán 

Igazgatónő Molnár Piroska

Terike Dobó Kata

Ápoló Zrínyi Gál Vince

Korda Gyuri Korda György

Balázs Klárika Balázs Klári

Rocker hölgy 1 Martin Márta

Rocker hölgy  2 Erdélyi Mari

50-es férfi 1 Magyar Attila

50-es férfi  2  Stubnya Béla

50-es férfi 3 Sáafár-Kovács Zsolt

Testőr 1 Szabó Simon

Testőr 2 Gerner Csaba

Testőr 3 Urnai Gábor

Testőr 4 Gömöri Gergő

Bea Bajor Lili

Móni Tolnai Hella

Kikiáltó Szatmári Attila

Rendőr Pavletitzs Béla

Férfi  VIda Péter

Rendőr Haagen Imre

Lány Bakonyi Alexa

Szállító Katkó Ferenc

Recepciós Helyes Georgina

Kidobó  Törköly Levente

Öreg1 Kajtár Róbert

Öreg 2 Somhegyi György

Zenekar Intim Torna Illegál

Lány Strommer Noémi 

Songs

The following songs were edited by Warner Music Group:

Song

Színész

Eredeti előadó

Dunaparti csónakházban

Korda György, Intim Torna Illegál, Balázs Klári, Állami Áruház

     Hadd főzzek ma magamnak

Nagy Feró

   Bergendy Együttes

Fűrész dal 

közös

     Generál

    Táncolj még!

Kováts Vera

        Szűcs Judith

                                   Nem leszek a játékszered

                               Ostorházi Bernadett

                                      Kovács Kati

Induljon a banzáj

Kelemen Kabátban

BOnanza Banzáj

220 felett

Közös

      Neoton Família

Zene nélkül mit érek én? 

Szabó Kimmel Tamás 

Máté Péter

Homok a szélben

Szabó Kimmel Tamás 

Korál 

Miu-mi újság?

Ostorházi Bernadett, Kováts Vera

Postássy Juli

Most kéne abbahagyni

Szabó Kimmel Tamás, Ostorházi Bernadett, 

Kovács Kati

Menj tovább!

Nagy Feró

P.Mobil

Darabokra törted a szívem

Szabó Kimmel Tamás, Ostorházi Bernadett, Bergendy Együttes

Mert a nézését

Reviczky Gábor

       Kis Grófó

Pappa pia dal 

Király Viktor, Radics Gigi

                    új dal

Mindennap nyár 

Közös

       új dal

Csajozós Medley

Közös

Számos előadó 

Viewing of the movie

The premiere of Pappa Pia was on 15th of August 2017.Number of visitors was rated 10.892.This number is strong similar to Kincsem movie.Pappa Pia is the most successful movie of past years.Following the premiere, the movie was seen by 19.439 visitors in two days.So Pappa Pia advanced Kincsem movie.THe film was firstly played in 78 cinemas.This number is outstanding concerning Hungarian movies.Number of visitors was 70,658 at first weekend.At the end of fifth week viewing was 190.171.So Pappa Pia became the third most viewed movie of Vajna era.At rhe end of seventh week viewing entered into 200.000.

Reception

THis movie failed according to critics.They highlighted acting and dramatic failures.Some pointed out the political background related to the acting and casting of movie.Vajna Tímea participated in casting and intervened in the movie.

Interesting facts

Andy Vajna appears in Pappa Pia at the beginning in wig and sunglasses.He is in a wheelchair in an elder people home.Nagy Feró enters the room.Later he plays a chess player.Korda György and Balázs Klári also play in Pappa Pia.Members of P.Mágnes Music Group.

The television presentatiton date was on 30th of September 2018 on TV 2 Channel.

Locations

THe boat room used for location of story is placed at board of Small-Danube at Pesterzsébet.Gubacsi Bridge appears innumerable times.

Notes 

Sources 

Further informations

PAPPA PIA 

(facebook.com/pappapiafilm)a Facebookon

A filmszakmai döntőbizottság 2015/00048.szmú határozata

(mnf.hu/files/document/document/36/db-2015--008.pdf).mnf.hu-2015.április 23

A filmszakmai döntőbizottság 2015/0004.számú határozata(mnf.hu/files/document/document/22/db-2016-001.pdf)mnf.hu-2016.január 14

Hungarian Film Magazine

(issuu.com/hungarianfilm/docs/hf_cannes_2016)Hungarian Film-Cannes 2016(Osváth Gábor:Production giants by HNFF 10.oldal).

issuu.comm közzététel:2016.május 4(angolul)

Forog a Pappa Pia(magyar.film.hu/filmhu/hir/forog-a-pappa-pia.html).Zenés romantikus filmet forgat Csupó Gábor, magyar.film.hu-2016.augusztus 9

source:Pappa Pia Wikipedia             .

Ős Bikini

Ős Bikini or Nagy Feró és az Ős Bikini, Nagy Feró és a Bikini are Hungarian new wave and rock groups.This era was the era of Bikini Band until 1985.At that time Nagy Feró was the frontman, the lead singer of the group.

History

The Beatrice Band has stopped in 1981.In this situation he founded the Group Csiga Biga with Waszlawik László(Waszlawik Gazember László) which group took the similarities of A.E.Bizottság Group.A.E.BIzottság was also a new wave styled, surrealistic music band.Following this group they associated with Vedres József, ex-guitarist of Beatrice, and bassist of ex-Dinamit Group, Németh Alajos, Lojzi.THis formation was joined by the brother of Lojzi, Németh Gábor drummer, and second guitarist Szűcs Antal Gábor, ex-Dinamit and ex-Skorpió.THey gave the name Bikini to their new group.

In the beginning they played punk-rock music, similar to Beatrice.Due to exigances of the public, they played also Beatrice songs at the concerts.Bikini got the possibility of record edition, although in restricted number.

Szűcs Antal Gábor left the Band in 1983.The second record has been edited without him.After the stepping down of Feró in 1985, lead singer became D.Nagy Lajos and Bikini renewed.Concerning founders of the Band only Németh Alajos is member of the Group.The songs of Feró era are not played any more.

Ős-Bikini reformed in 1999 to a concert in Petőfi Csarnok, without Szűcs Antal Gábor.Sometimes they perform per year, but without Németh Alajos.Exepted are the common concerts with present Bikini Group.Such events was the 20Year Jubilee in 2002 and Körcsarnok performance in 2005.

At this events at the place of Németh Lojzi Zsoldos Tamás and Laczik Feczó played.

The ancient and original Ős-Bikini performed at Várkert Bazár in the series Volt egyszer egy Ifipark on 12th of September 2019.

Discography

1983:Hova lett.......

1984 XX.Századi Híradó

1999 Dupla Pecsa Buli

Sources

Az Ős-Bikiniről Nagy Feró honlapján

source:Ős-BIkini Wikipedia

Bikini Band

Bikini is a Hungarian rock group, more known than the antecedant Ős-Bikini.THis group has quite lot of popular songs.Frontman is D.Nagy Lajos, ex-Rolls Frakció.

History

The Band was founded in 1982 based on idea of Németh Alajos, Lojzi.He convinced Nagy Feró, frontman of Beatrice, on break at that time.Feró brought Vedres József, Joe guitarist.THe drummer of new Band was the brother of Alajos, Németh Gábor.and the other guitarist was Szűcs Antal Gábor.They came from the Dinamit Band, which ended at that time.Their first record titled Hova lett......was created and edited with these musicians.On the record XX.Századi Híradó Szűcs Antal Gábor not participated.

In the beginning era they played dadaist, new-wave, punk-rock music due to exigences of public of the performances, lot of Beatrice music, also.

End of '80's

Nagy Feró left the Band in 1985, D.Nagy Lajos came to his place.Gallai  Péter keyboard player came with him.D.Nagy followed the traditions of Rolls Frakció Band.He asked to replace songs because of the fact that old songs are not fit to his voice and style.Due to new people, Bikini got a fresh voice and new wave style.Nagy Feró stayed close to the Band.Several texts of songs were written by Feró. Ezt nem tudom másképp mondani, Mielőtt elmegyek, Fagyi, Megüssem vagy ne üssem, Nehéz a dolga, stb.

At the end of years '80's Bikini became a recognized Band, they performed lot of times.They edited some records also.Their greatest hit was the record Mondd el.THis was their best selling record. Between time Daczi Zsolt guitarist, Kató Zoltán saxofonist,and Hirlemann Bertalan drummer and for a time Berecz Endre joined Bikini.The record "Ha volna még időm"......edited in 1988 had great success.THis Group became one of the classics of Hungarian pop-rock styled music.

Breaking of the Band 

Beginning of years '90 brought liberty of talk.Not legal songs of Bikini came no more interesting.Disco music overwhelmed.Bikini broke, stopped, maybe for economical reasons or  disappointment.Their last performance took place at stage of Budapest Sportcsarnok on 21st of November 1992.

Restarting

After five years of pause, Bikini restarted in 1997.Members thought that silence is not the resolution.The old-new Bikini supports live music.They are not a Nostalgy Band.They deal with problems of society, they want to insist the public to think and their new records have lot of successes.

THey communicated their restarting with a new record, entitled "A szabadság rabszolgái", and a Budapest Sportcsarnok concert.At the end of year '90 s Bikini rebegan their performances, concerts and edit new records.

Since 1998 Mihalik VIktor changed Hirlemann Bertalan behind the drums.Gallai Péter left the Band in 2002, and the replacing musician Bördén Szabolcs changed him.

2004 was the year of edition of record "Angyali üdvözlet" and the coming of Csillag Endre guitarist, ex-member of Edda and Hobo Blues Band sometimes guest musician of some Bikini concerts.Antecedant guitarist Daczi Zsolt died in 2007 after a grave illness.Lukács Péter followed Csillag Endre in August of 2006.Bördén, the keyboard player left the Group in 2013, so Bikini performs without keyboardist.

Ős-Bikini gave a concert in 2019 again.After the Várkert Bazár performance on 12th of September, Gallai Péter died.Gallai was member of legendary Piramis Band and after between 1985-2002 he was member of Bikini.He was the guest of 30 years Jubilee Concert.

Prizes

Emerton Prize (1987)

Transilvanian Music Awards-Év legjobb magyar rock zenekara(2012)

Members of the Band

1982-1983

Nagy Feró ének(singer)

Németh Alajos basszusgitár(bass guitar)

Szűcs Antal Gábor gitár(guitarist)           Hova lett......

Vedres József gitár(guitarist)

Németh Gábor-dob, útőhangszerek(drum,percussions)

1983-1985                                     XX.századi híradó

Nagy Feró ének                              Nagy Feró és az ős-Bikini-

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár       Dupla Pecsa -buli(reunion, 1999)

Vedres József-gitár

Németh Gábor-dob,ütőhangszerek

1985-1986

D.Nagy Lajos ének 

Németh Alajos  basszusgitár                Ezt nem tudom másképp mondani.....

Vedres József-gitár

Gallai Péter-billentyűs hangszerek

Németh Gábor-dob,ütőhangszerek

1986-1988

D.Nagy Lajos-ének

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár

Vedres József-gitár

Gallai Péter-billentyűs hangszerek                Mondd el

Hirleman Bertalan-dob,ütőhangszerek

Makovics Dénes-szaxofon(állandó vendég,1987)

1988-1989

D.Nagy Lajos-ének

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár                          Közeli helyeken

Vedres József-gitár

Gallai Péter-billentyűs hangszerek               Temesvári vasárnap

Berecz Endre-dob,ütőhangszerek

Kató Zoltán-szaxofon

1990-1992

D.Nagy Lajos-ének

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár                        A sötétebbik oldal

Daczi Zsolt-gitár                                             Izzik a tavaszi délután

Gallai Péter-billentyűs hangszerek

Hirleman Bertalan-dob,ütőhangszerek       Búcsúkoncert

Makovics Dénes-szaxofon(állandó vendég,1992)

 1997-1998

D.Nagy Lajos-ének

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár    A szabadság rabszolgái

Daczi Zsolt-gitár                         Körutazások a Balkánon

Vedres József-gitár

Gallai Péter-billentyűs hangszerek

Hirleman Bertalan-dob,ütőhangszerek

Kató Zoltán-szaxofon

1998-2002

D.Nagy Lajos-ének

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár

Daczi Zsolt-gitár                                                    A világ végén

 Gallai Péter(+2019)-billentyűs hangszerek     Nem lesz ennek jó vége 

Mihalik Viktor-dob,ütőhangszerek                     Álomból ébredve

Makovics Dénes-szaxofon 

2002-2004

D.Nagy Lajos-ének                                            Angyali üdvözlet

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár

Daczi Zsolt(+2007)-gitár

Bördén Szabolcs-billentyűs hangszerek

Mihalik VIktor-dob,ütőhangszerek

Makovics Dénes-szaxofon

2004-2006

D.Nagy Lajos-ének

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár                         Valahol,valamikor DVD                       Csillag Endre-gitár                                                

Bördén Szabolcs-billentyűs hangszerek            

Mihalik VIktor-dob, ütőhangszerek                   

Makovics Dénes-szaxofon

2006-2013

D.Nagy Lajos-ének

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár                           Őrzöm a lángot

Lukács Péter-gitár                                             25 év Bikini DVD

Bördén Szabolcs-billentyűs hangszerek         The Very Best of Bikini

Mihalik Viktor-dob,ütőhangszerek                    Elmúlt illúziók

Makovics Dénes-szaxofon                                  30-Közeli helyeken 2 CD+DVD

2013-

D.Nagy Lajos-ének

Németh Alajos-basszusgitár, vokál 

Lukács Péter-gitár, vokál

Mihalik Viktor-dob, ütőhangszerek

Makovics Dénes-szaxofon,fuvola 

Albumok 

   Év                   Album címe                 Jellege                          

1983                Hova lett........               Stúdió

1984                 Fair Wind To You(A Hova lett.......angol nyelvű változata) stúdió 

1984           XX.századi híradó           stúdió 

1985          Ezt nem tudom másképp mondani   stúdió 

1987          Mondd el                         stúdió 

1988          Ha volna még időm       stúdió

1988         Bikini(válogatás)            válogatás

1989        Közeli helyeken              stúdió

1990       Temesvári vasárnap      koncert

1991        A sötétebbik oldal        stúdió

1992       Izzik a tavaszi délután  stúdió

1993     Búcsúkoncert                   koncert

1996     Aranyalbum                     válogatás

1997    A szabadság rabszolgái    stúdió

1997   Best of Bikini                         válogatás

1998   Körutazás a Balkánon         koncert

1999  A világ végén                         stúdió

2000 Gyémánt                                   válogatás

2000 Nem lesz ennek jó vége          stúdió

2002 Álomból ébredve                      stúdió

2004:Angyali üdvözlet                       stúdió

2007  Őrzöm a lángot                      stúdió

2009 The Very Best of Bikini          remake

2011  Elmúlt illúziók                       stúdió

2012  30-Közeli helyeken             koncert

Kislemezek

Nagy Feró és a Bikini:Ki csinál szódát(1983)

I'm Not Afraid/Carnival(Pepita International, PR 959, 1983) 

Bikini:Ahogy ti zenéltek/Szeretlek II.(1985)

D.Nagy Lajos-Pataki Attila:Gyere őrült/Veled vagyok(1985)

Hello, It's Me Again-Minstral(1989)

A Bikini tagjainak szólólemezei

D.Nagy Lajos:Monokini(1995)

D.Nagy Lajos:Az idő foglyai(1998)

Daczi Zsolt:Daczi Zsolt és barátai(2002)

Vedres József:Kívülállok(2005)

Hirleman Bertalan:Prelude(2006)

Németh Alajos:Lojzi:Sóhajok lépcsőháza(2015)

Egyéb

Nagy Feró és az  ős-Bikini-Dupla Pecsa-buli 1999-azújra összeálló Nagy Feró-féle felállás koncertjének felvétele

Valahol,valamikor:2004-es koncertfelvételeket tartalmazó DVD.

25 év Bikini-A jubileumi 25 éves szülinapi koncert DVD felvétele(2007.december 7.Syma Csarnok)

Dalok

Slágereik

1984:Lángosképű......

1985:Indokolatlan jókedv

1985:Mielőtt elmegyek

1985:Ezt nem tudom másképp mondani(Szeretlek)

1987:Megüssem vagy ne üssem

1987:Mondd el

1987:Fagyi

1987:Adj helyet magad mellett

1987:Nehéz a dolga

1988:Széles , tágas a tér

1988:Legyek jó

1988:Ha volna még időm

1989:Közeli helyeken

1991:Olcsó vigasz

1991:Ki visz haza 

1992:Veri az élet

1997:Csak dolgozni ne kelljen

2004:Angyali údvözlet

2007:A mennyország felé

2011:Szép vagy

Duettek

1986:Pataky Attilával:Veled vagyok

1986:Pataky Attilával:Gyere őrült 

Zenészek, együttesek a Bikinivel kapcsolatban

Beatrice

Bencsik Sándor 

Carpathia Project

Depresszió

Dinamit

Edda Művek

Fábri Péter

Gallai Péter

Görbe Nóra 

Keresztes Ildikó

Nagy Feró 

Pataky Attila 

Republic

Rolls Frakció

Szakácsi Sándor

Szélkiáltó

Ultravox

Telegram

Török Ádám és a Mini

Portré

Kapcsolódó szócikkek

További információk

SOurce:Bikini(együttes)-Wikipédia

Rolls Frakció Band

Rolls Frakció Band is a Band which played punk-rock music in the beginning, but later on they changed to new wave music.Rolls Frakció was founded in 1978 under the name of Rolls.THe Band was founded and led by D.Nagy Lajos.Lack of bass-guitarist, Trunkos András childhood friend of D.Nagy joined them.

THrough years of Socialist Era they performed as bearing group, without record.After the splitting of Beatrice they performed with Nagy Feró some months and changed their name to Backing Group.When Deák Bill Gyula performed with them as guest singer, successes came.

Songs texts are surrealistic, in Socialist mass culture they seemed weird.For lot these texts seemed an end in itself.On 23rd of October 1982. at the Program Egymillió fontos hangjegy at Hungarian Public Television the famous song "Fejezetek egy iskolás gyermek naplójából" within a part of their concert was emitted. THe text "Állva pisilek, ülve kakálok, tisztesség dolgában mégis szarul állok"is a great classic.Following this song Rolls Frakció splitted up definitely, Egymillió fontos hangjegy splitted up also definitely. Rolls Frakció had no way to continue musical career.

In 1984 they have edited the record Rolls, but without lot of their songs.THey were obliged to write new songs.Due to serial problems the Group splitted.D.Nagy Lajos travelled to England and after he continued his musical career in Bikini Group, herediting Nagy Feró.Ten years after when Beatrice took a pause, a new record was edited entitled D.Nagy és a Frakció.Another was edited with the title "R" Frakció.Rolls Frakció Tribute Band was founded in 2004, with agreement of D.Nagy and Trunkos András.THis Group took and brings the musical heredity of Rolls Frakció.

Anyway in the year of 2007 Rolls Frakció was refounded under the new name "Rolls Fraktion" and they recorded the  studio record ........."és mégis lapos a Föld!" in 2008.THis record contained their new songs.In 2009 at the 30th Jubilee Year of the Band the ancient Rolls Frakció members came in.

But it lasted until one performance, and they invited guests like Omega, Guy Magic Fingers, Csillag Endre, Torres Dani, Bese Lajos, Boros Lajos és a Sid.

Since the summer of 2011 Rolls Frakció Band was refounded and performs.

Members

Year          Members 

1978       D.Nagy Lajos (ének)

                Tóth Csaba(gitár)

                Trunkos András(basszusgitár)

                 Tóth Miklós(billentyűsök)

                  Óbert Tibor(dob)

                  Donászy Tibor(dob

                   Tzortzoglu Jorgosz(konga)

                   Hadnagy László(konga)

 1993         D.Nagy Lajos(ének)

                    Csillag Endre(gitár)

                      Knapik Tamás(gitár)

                     Trunkos Andrásf(bssszusgitár)

                     Mihály Tamás(billentyűsök)

                     Kató Zoltán(szaxofon)

                      Nagy László(dob)

                      "Black Girls"Hajni(vokál)

2011                Nádudvari Lajos(dob)

                          Losonczy Pál(billentyűs hangszerek)

                           Gabriel Richárd(ének)

                          Gönci György(basszusgitár)

                         Belányi István(gitár)

                        Héri Attila(dob)

2013               Nádudvari Lajos(dob)

                         Losonczy Pál(billentyűs hangszerek)

                          Gregus Miklós(béka) ének

                           Gönci György (basszusgitár)

                           Nusser Ernő(gitár)

Kiadványok

Külső hivatkozások

source:Rolls Frakció(együttes) Wikipedia

Ricse, Ricse Beatrice Rock Musical at Újszínház

THe Musical Ricse, Ricse Beatrice highlights on history of Beatrice Musice Group.

Nagy Feró lead singer of Beatrice and founder, could and can be creative and mindful during decades.He realized his concepts on a high artistic level.According to Ricse, Ricse Musical creators, Feró is the hero of Hungarians.He is the son of Hungarian Nation simply.He borders difficulties basing on faith, conciousness.He is also talented and having acting abilities.

In Socialist Regime Beatrice was pursued by Kádár Regime.According to documents of Történeti Hivatal(Office of History) agents continously reported on musicians and performances.In this theater performance,symbolic songs of Beatrice are included.These songs are Jerikó, Angyalföld, Nagyvárosi Farkas, Motorizált Nemzedék, Térden Állva, Késő már and Azok a boldog szép napok.

The director of production is Bozsogi János.Choreographer is Szelőczei Dóra.Custom choreographer is Húros Annamária.Actors amongst others are Kurkó József Kristóf, Nagy Feró, Farkasházi Réka, Fehérvári Péter, Siklósi Örs(+), Vass György, Szakács Tibor, Koncz Gábor, Csurka László, Almási Sándor, ifj.Jászai László, Gregor Bernadett, Incze József.

Spectators can see the resurrection of particular personnalities of '80s, Nagy Feró, Korda György, Erdős Péter.

Gregor Bernadett plays Csuka Mónika.

source:szinhaz.org

Erdős Péter(manager)

Erdős Péter lawyer, manager was born in Budapest at 7th of July 1925.He died in Budapest on 21st of February 1990.He controled pop profession in Kádár Era.His nickname was The Emperor of Pop.

Life

He was born in Budapest.Father was Erdős Imre Mihály bank clerk.Mother was Grünhut Olga.Parents divorced at age of two.He was raised by mother,dress maker.He finished high-school and from 1943 he worked as tailor apprentice.Because of jewish origin, he has been brought to forced labour in 1944.He worked in BOr at train construction and met RadnótI Miklós.Later he was deported to Schahenhausen and Buchenwald.At the end of war when American soldiers liberated concentration camps he thined to 39 kilos.

After Second World War he cured in a Swiss Sanitorium.There he met communist emmigrants and collaborants.From 1949 he edited Magyar Nap and lectured at Editing House Atheneum.He taught at College of Theater Art.

He also taught Psota Irén and Szinetár Miklós.He worked as journalist at Papers of Szabadság and Szabad Nap.In 1950 came his arrestation because of accusation of espionnage.Then he spent three years in a cell.When liberated he joined opposition of communist party.One year later he was banished from Public Radio.He participated as witness in 1954 at Kádár János rehabilitation trial.At February of 1956 he was sentenced to imprisonment because of agitation against Rákosi Mátyás at first level.At second level he was suspended.

Activities in 1956

He became extern at Magyar Nemzet.He also worked as reporter at Hungarian Radio.He told his public speech at assembly of Polytechnic University of Budapest.Date was 22nd of October 1956.He wrote it down in his Memoirs.He created his reportage about that assembly for Kossuth Radio.He told an enthusiastic speech.

Next day at 23rd of October Erdős went to Radio Building.At 12 o'clock and 53 minutes Kossuth Radio announced the Interior Minister communication concerning banishing of student rassembly.According to Erdős Memoirs it could have been turned back if Vásárhelyi Miklós contributed.

Földes Péter talked to Vásárhelyi who approved the rassembly.He accorded that it would be necessary to communicate the permission of Minister of Interior concerning demonstration.Although Hartay, Vice President of Public Radio trusted more on Erdős than Földes.Földes convinced Hartay that Erdős dictates news concerning the permission of demonstration of Interior Minister.The permission of Minister is fake, our manipulation is the truth.Földes dicted, Hartay signed and in five minutes Radio communicated the news that Interior Minister gave permission to demonstration.

According to Erdős, Benke Valéria, actual President of Public Radio wanted explanation but there were no consequences.

In 1956 according to Erdős Péter biography he was revolutionary.Next days he worked side by side with Vásárhelyi in Parlament.He was a believer of Josip Broz Tito Secretaire General of Socialist Republic of Yougoslavia.As believer of Yougoslave auto direction he could take the car of Ambassador of Yougoslavia.

1968

After the 4th of November he took his wife, daughter and Vásárhelyi family to Ambassy of Yougoslavia.Both Erdős and Vásárhelyi became refugees of Rózsadomb appartment of Military Attaché of Yougoslavia.Erdős took this appartment until the 18th of November.He gave up himself on 26th of March 1957.Based on judgement of Supreme Court , he went to prison for one year six months.On 19th of August he set free.In 1958-1959 he directed The Theater Department of Copywriting Law Office.Between 1960-1966  he studied in evening class at Law University ELTE.

Since 1968 he worked as legal adviser at Magyar Hanglemezgyártó Vállalat.At the same time he directed Press Department of that company.He fulfilled the director position of PRO MANAGER OFFICE.As fellow worker of HUNGAROTON he was the most known manager in pop profession.From 1977 he managed Neoton Família pop music group and mainly Csepregi Éva the singer for the aim of having a world known pop-group in Hungary.

Neoton Família pop group produced main successes in East-Asia.Erdős Péter Memoirs were edited in 1990 entitled How a popmanager creates.

Erdős main activity was the enforcement of cultural directions of Kádár Era in pop music.Briefly it meant censorship.His censorship was influenced by sympathy or envie.THe envious or angry attitudes have been shown by both sides.Erdős caused difficulties in musicians careers.SOme times he also broke careers.Eg:Radics Béla ,Cserháti Zsuzsa, Hobo Blues Band, Beatrice.

What Laár András lead singer of KFT Group told?In point of view of Erdős only Neoton could have foreign successes.He could have done hundreds or thousands of sales with KFT but he would not.So he did only 30.000 sales.According to musician interviews and biographies Erdős was a real boss in negative manner.THis fact was shown by sexual exploitation of women musicians also.Hurted musicians also wrote songs about blessings.

The socialist ex-punk group CPG which opposed to Kádár Regime wrote their blasphematory song concerning Erdős.Beatrice took parallels with Horger Antal the implacable Rector of Szeged University who sacked József Attila because of poem Tiszta szívvel.(Beatrice '77-88).

Family

First wife was Köves Erzsébet.Third wife was Dr.Dobos Anna.His daughter is Hankiss Ágnes born Erdős Ágnes.Erdős Ágnes is psychologist, she represents Fidesz in European Parlament.Grandchild is Vitézy Dávid founder of Association of Urban and Suburban Circulation, Ex-Director, and nowdays politican and activist  at the liberal side in Town Hall of Budapest.Vitézy was also spokesman of that Association and between 2010-2014 he was Director General of Budapest Transport Company.

Notes

Sources

Magyar életrajzi lexikon(mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/ABC03609/03872.htm)

56-os Ki kicsoda

(web.archive.org/web/20091206043334/http//1956.mti.hu/Pages/WiW.aspx?id=594)

Erdős Péter két élete(mancs.hu/index.php?gc Page=/public/hirek/hir.php&id=6991)-Magyar Narancs XIII.évf.51.szám(2001)

A gyűlölt popcézár igazi arca 

(mult-kor.hu/cikk.php?id=19078)-Múlt-ior.hu   2008.január 18.15h

Further informations

source:wikipedia Erdős Péter

Csepregi Éva

Csepregi Éva(Budapest, 18th district, 1953.október 22)sex symbol of '80s, Hungarian singer, actrice, front woman and member of Neoton Família pop group.  

Life

Parents are Csepreghy László and Takács Ilona.She made elementary studies at Ságvári Endre Elementary School.She took her baccaleaureate at Steinmetz Miklós High-School in 1972.She learned piano at Elementary School.Later she learned violon.She performed in Child Choir of Hungarian Radio.She also learned singing at Hoffmann Ödön private course in 1970.She was secretaire for two monthes at CHinoin Pharmaceutical Company in 1973.She appeared in Kócbabák music group at Ki mit tud in year 1972.

Members of Kócbabák were also Pál Éva and Fábián Éva.They performed one day before Csepregi math baccaleaureate.She performed also in Band Stereo.They associated with Neoton at the end of 1973.In 1977 they officially united under the name Neoton Família.They performed at MIDEM Festivities in 1979.They became well known abroad under the name Newton Family.She lived with Scottish song writer Bob Heatly from 1985.THey worked together.In 1992 was born their son Dávid.

The breaking of Neoton Família in 1990 resulted the starting of Éva-Neoton Group with Végvári Ádám and Baracs János.SHe was actrice member of Ruttkai Éva Theater between 1996-1999.THese days she performs in Stars of Newton Family pop group.

In 2020 she participated in Álarcos Énekes (Disguised Singer) show at RTL Klub channel.

Discography

Small discs                                                                       The CGD

INT10644 

Middle of the Night        7''      12" 

1985  Italy

888 923-7                                                                  Hot Rocket                                 French                             7"                             

1987                          Netherlands                      BLAST 4

                                              United Kingdom

SDPR 008                                                   Korea

                         7"12"                   Seoul     1987

                                                                     1988

              j                                             Titan

 é                                                          j                  j

                                                      Profil

                                                     Overseas

SDPR 008 

PR 1722

YE-40-/

UDL-1007-/

Discs 

Unedited song

1987:Ezeregy éjjel(km.Delhusa Gjon)

THeater roles

Prizes, recognitions

Yamaha Grand Prix Tokio(1983)

Seoul  SOng Festival-Performer Prize(1986)

Emerton Prize(Blue Area disc, Kék korszak album)(1987)

Presidental Gold Medal(2000)

Pest Megyéért Emlékérem(2017)

Story Érték díj-legenda kategóriában(megosztva a Neoton Família Együttes tagjaival 2018)

Notes 

Sources

Further informations

Source:Wikipédia Csepregi Éva

D.Nagy Lajos

D.Nagy Lajos Hungarian musician, singer was born at Tiszalök at 29th of September 1950.He was singer and founder of Rolls Frakció and Bikini Groups.

Career

He began his professional career of musician in 1978.With friends he founded the Rolls punk-rock Band.He was the singer of Rolls and Rolls Frakció, where his determinating colleague was Trunkos András.The Kádár Regime continously blocked the Group because of their musical opposition, so they splitted up.

Following this splitting up, D.Nagy Lajos travelled to England.Following his travel he changed Nagy Feró in Bikini Group.After the breaking of BIkini he began his solo career in 1992, he edited his two records under the name of Monokini.Since 1997 date of re-foundation of Bikini, he is member of Bikini Group again.

He is economist.

Discography

Frakció

Rolls(Rolls-1984)

Budapest Felett(D.Nagy és a Frakció-1993)

Kejne Pánik(R.Frakció-1994)

Koncert, 1982.szept.12.(Rolls Frakció-1999)

Solo

Monokini(1995)

Az idő foglyai(1998)

Minden,ami volt(2019?)

Bikini

Ezt nem tudom másképp mondani(1985)

Mondd el(1987)

Ha volna még időm(1988)

Bikini(1988)

Közeli helyeken(1989)

A sötétebbik oldal(1991)

Izzik a tavaszi délután(1992)

Búcsúkoncert(1993)

Aranyalbum(1996)

A szabadság rabszolgái(1997)

Körutazás a Balkánon(1998)

A világ végén(1999)

Gyémánt(2000)

Nem lesz ennek jó vége(2000)

Álomból ébredve(2002)

Angyali üdvözlet(2004)

Őrzöm a lángot(2007)

THe Very Best of Bikini(2009)

Elmúlt illúziók(2011)

30-Közeli helyeken(2012)

Jegyzetek

További információk

source:D.Nagy Lajos Wikipedia

Meeting of punk and theatre:Hamlet by Nagy Feró

Hamlet by Nagy Feró, the punk-rock style Opera was born in the '80s.THe original theatre performance, which would have been directed by Jancsó Miklós, never realized.Although the music of Hamlet has been edited and can be seen also on youtube.The performance realized later on Egyetemi Színpad.

source:kulturcafe.hu

Nagy Feró

Nagy Feró, Nagy Ferenc musician, lead singer was born in Letenye on 14th of January 1946.He got the Kossuth-Prize, he is musician, singer, actor, songwriter, frontman of Beatrice and Ős-Bikini, in Socialist Era he was called "A nemzet csótánya". In English coachroach of the nation.First wife was Csuka Mónika, Máté Péter Prized singer.

Childhood

Parents were refugees of Transsylvania. Father was Nagy János originated from Székelykocsárd and mother is Náznán Sarolta originated from Nyárádszentbenedek.

Father came to Hungary to avoid the war against Hungarians in Army of Roumania.Short time after family moved to Budapest.Their first flat was a depot.After they got a flat at Verőfény street.Father worked as reparator, maintainer in years of 1950.Nowdays he lives in ŐRbottyán.

Studies

He completed his high-school studies at Szent László College of Kőbánya but he was sacked. Later on he studied at Kandó Kálmán Technical College but he did not finished his studies and has no diploma.

Musical career

He is musician and singer since the '60s of last century mainly in rock and punk groups.He is a leader of Hungarian new-wave style.

Between 1963 and 1970 he was member of Groups Richmond Heads and Zárvatermők.After he founded the Group Beatrice with Csuka Mónika.THis Group was the only girl band of the country.

In 1978 Feró re-founded Beatrice. As consequence his passport was officially taken away and the Kádár Regime bathered Feró and Beatrice.The year was 1981 when Musical Associations turned away also from Beatrice so the Group has split up.

Feró formed Ős-BIkini Group in 1981 in which he was front man until 1985. After came D.Nagy Lajos.

Between 1985-1987 he functioned as solist.He played the role of Berger in the Musical Hair of Rock Színház.(Theater). In 1986 he re-wrote Hamlet in form of Opera in punk-rock style. It was performed in Egyetemi Színpad during ten days and nowdays, in January of 2025 will be performed again at Akvárium Klub in heart of Inner-City Budapest.Although in 1987 Feró reformed Beatrice. Since the Group became a success story.

Garázs, The Radio Program can be dated to 1989. Aim of this show was to help the young generation with their problems.This radio broadcast gave the possibility for amateur pop-rock groups to introduce themselves to large public.In 1989 he got Hungarian State Honour.At that time he worked as collaborator of Musica Hungarica Hungarian Festivities and collaborator and animator of Rockkalapács.He gave his voice also to the movie Adventures of Ford Fairlane.

THe year was 1992 when he was elected to Associate President of Rock Association.

Political oppositions came in and influenced the career of Beatrice Group.In 1994 the Group reformed under the name Új Beatrice. 

In 2004 the first CD edition of mix was edited under the title Antológia(Antology).After, in 2005 the next Antology came out.Also in this year the Biography Boldog szép napok.......was edited also.This Biography details Feró life between 1978-1983.

In 2008 the 30th Jubilee took place in Petőfi Csarnok.THe DVD was edited in 2009.

In 2010 Feró got a mentor job in X-Faktor on RTL Klub.He mentored the popular singer and musician, Vastag Csaba who won the competition.Brother is the also popular musician Tamás.He continued his mentoring in 2011-12 also.In time the Beatrice disk Vidámság&Rock'n Roll was edited.

The TV SHow Roast began on RTL Channel on 16th of April 2012.Career of Nagy Feró was appreciated by stand up comediens.Kovács András Péter, Kiss Ádám, Dombóvári István, Rekop György. But also Zalatnay Sarolta, Nagy Kriszta Tereskova, Ganxsta Zolee, Sípos Péter, Magyar Attila, Jáksó László also apprecieted Feró.

Next Beatrice Jubilee Concert took place on 16th of March 2013 in PECSA, Petőfi Csarnok. Guest performer has been Benkő László.

It was announced that the DVD of Concert of 30th Jubilee became gold and platina record.

Albums where Nagy Feró intervened:

István a Király-Rockopera(1983)

Pokolgép-Totális metál(Szövegíró-1986)

Pokolgép-Pokoli színjáték((Szövegíró-1987)

Pokolgép-Éjszakai bevetés(Szövegíró-1989)

Felkelő nap háza(Feldolgozás, Kormorán-1992)

Igazságot Magyarországnak!(Nagy Feró&Waszlavik László-1998)

1956 Aki Magyar.....(Rockopera -2001)

A nemzeti dal ünnepe(Nemzeti válogatás-2002)

100%blues(Blues-válogatás-2003) 

A Rockalbum-A magyar rock 16 nagy pillanata(Rock-válogatás-2004)

Argó(Filmzene-2004)

Fekete Bárányok 1980(Koncertfelvétel-2004)

Bocskai Szabadegyetem színpada(trianoni emlékműsor CD-je)

Négy mentor,5 dal(Mentor Faktor.A felkelő nap háza)(2010)

Acting career

Darab    Szerep        Színház      Bemutató   Forrás

István, a    Laborc.   Városliget-   1983.        (3)

király        magyar úr Királydomb  augusztus 18. 

Hair         Berger          Rock            1985 augusztus 14  (4)

                                      Színház          

Hamlet    Hamlet        Egyetemi       1987.január  30      (5)

                                       Színpad         

István, a   Laborc,         Szegedi        1990.augusztus 16. (6)

 király        magyar úr   Szabadtéri Játékok

István,       Laborc,                              1990.szeptember 15  (7)

a király       magyar úr   Népstadion                     

   Atilla-      Önögész      Margitszigeti  1993.augusztus 19. (8)

Isten kardja  hadvezér.  Szabadtéri Színpad 

                        a görög hun                                       

István, a király     Laborc,       Margitszigeti       1995.június 24. (9)

                               magyar úr    Szabadtéri Színpad  

JFK                       KGB-s            Margitszigeti        1996.augusztus 9.  (10)                                                                 Szabadtéri Színpad

Egri Csillagok    Sárközi             Margitszigeti        1997.július 18.       (11)

                             cigány            Szabadtéri Színpad

1848                    N/A                Gyulai Várszínház    1998.július 3.       (12)

Zúgjatok              N/A                 Margitszigeti             1998.július 24.   (13)    

harangok!-                                  Szabadtéri Színpad

1848

Attila-Isten          N/A                 Szegedi Szabadtéri      1999.július 9.  (14)

kardja                                         Játékok

Betlehem          N/A                 THália SZínház                2000.július 5.   (15)

csillaga

A megfeszített  Tanítvány      Margitszigeti                  2000.augusztus 4.(16)

                                                   Szabadtéri Színpad

Képzelt riport egy                N/A   Ruttkai Éva                 2002.január 26.   (17)

amerikai popfesztiválról              SZínház 

Képzelt riport egy 

amerikai popfesztiválról     N/A   RUttkai Éva                  2008.január 22.  (18)

                                                         Színház

István,a király         Regős             Szegedi                     2013.augusztus 17.(19) 

                                                           Szabadtéri Játékok

Ricse, Ricse             Nagy Feró        Újszínház                2017.november 24.(20)

Beatrice

 Filmjei(movies)

Ki beszél itt szerelemről?(1979)

Töredék az életről(1980)

Pofonok völgye(1980)

István, a király(1983)

Úgy érezte, szabadon él(1987)

Céllövölde(1989)

A túlélés ára(1990)

Ford Fairlane kalandjai(1990)-Andrew Dice Clay szinkronhangja

Attila, Isten kardja(1993)

Pol Pot megye punkjai(2000)

Argo(2004)

Argo 2.(2014)

István a király-Királydombon(2015)

A Játékkészítő(2016)

Pappa Pia(2017)

Keresztanyu(2021-2022)

Radics Béla-A megátkozott ember(2023)

Egyéb szereplései, funkciói

Könyvei

Kitüntetései

Állami Ifjúsági Díj(1989)

A Magyar Érdemrend Lovagkeresztje(2016)

Petőfi Zenei Díj-Életműdíj(2019)

Kossuth-díj(2021)

Politikai pályafutása

In 90's he symphatized with liberals but after he became conservative.When communism finished and the system changed, the sentence "Nagy Ferót köztársasági elnöknek!avagy Szakadt országnak szakadt elnököt!"was popular.In 1993 he was one of the founder of MIÉP Party, Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja. MIÉP founders broke with governor party, MDF, Demokrata Fórum, in the beginning of '90s, between 1990-1993. In 1999 he left MIÉP.Nowdays he symphatizes with present governing parties, FIDESZ and KDNP, and he is a confidential person in Prime Minister Orbán Viktor and Fidesz circles.

PoRTré

jegyzetek

források

videók

további információk

source:Nagy Feró Wikipedia

Németh Alajos

Németh Alajos, Németh Lojzi is a prestigious musician, songwriter, legend, sound engineer, music producer.

He got the Prize Máté Péter Music Prize.

He completed his studies at Hungarian Liszt Ferenc Musical College(Liszt Ferenc University), at jazz section.

His instruments are bass-guitar, contra-bass, synthetizer.

He was born in Budapest on 20th of October 1956.

His brother Gábor is also musician. His sister Lujza is music teacher, teaches singing.

He married three times, and first two wives are or were dancers.He divorced from first wife Marian after four years of marriage.(1979-1983).Marian got a job in Paris and moved to there.Angéla, daughter of Lojzi was born from second wife, Jolán.After divorcing, Lojzi raised Angéla.From third marriage was born the son Nimród.

career

As child he learnt violon playing.After violon studies, he changed to pop-rock music. He started the bass-guitar playing. In the amateur band, led by his brother he got the solo-guitarist position.He began to like and think about bass-guitar. He raised his bass-guitar knowledge at Conservatory Bartók Béla of Liszt Ferenc COllege of Music.He was fan of Orszáczky Jackie.During his studies he met the musicians who weighed at that era.

At the age of 17 and half years Berki Tamás invited him to Interbrass Band,where he played for one year(1974-1975).

In 1975 Török Ádám(+) invited him to play in Mini Group. Lojzi spent his most beautiful and fructal times in this Group.

In 1979 was founded the Band Dinamit.Dinamit was organized by the communist power, by Central COmmittee of Hungarian Youth Communist Association, KISZ Központi Bizottság.Németh Alajos played in Dinamit for three years(until 1982).

1982 was the year when Lojzi entered Bikini Group, led by Nagy Feró at that time, as bassist.Step by step he became the frontman of Bikini with songs and texts.Step by step he took producer work also and managed studio work.Once upon a time he splitted Bikini Group and re-founded. Nowdays it is his Group.

After third marriage he edited his first single disc, Sóhajok lépcsőháza in 2015.As he told this disc translates his love to Erdély, Transsylvania.

He is president of Office Artisjus, Office of Laws and Copyrights since 2022.Artisjus also founded a musical artistic prize and nominates musicians for that prize from time to time.

recognitions

Artisjus-díj(2007,2013)-Őrzöm a lángot című nagylemeze 2007-ben az év rockalbuma lett.

Fonogram-Magyar Zenei Díj(2008)

A Magyar Érdemrend lovagkeresztje(2013)

Máté Péter-díj(2019)

notes

sources

further informations

source:Németh Alajos-Wikipédia

radics béla

Movie:Radics Béla-A megátkozott ember(2023)

Radics Béla rock musician, guitarist, one of the biggest legends of Hungarian rock music.He is encountered as King of Guitar and Hungarian Jimi Hendrix.

He was born in Tripolisz, in workers district of Angyalföld.He was born in Budapest on 6th of February 1946.He died on 18th of October 1982 in Budapest.He got his first acustic guitar on Autumn of 1959.At the age of 16 he played in a factory band.In Autumn of 1964 he entered the Band Atlantis. On 21st of March 1965 he left Atlantis Group with drummer Pintér István and they formed the Band Atlantis Nr.2 which survived for a short period.Members were also Miklóska Lajos and Dancsák Gyula.This Band functioned until the beginning of 1966 but Radics went back to Atlantis Group.In 1967, when the editor of these contents was born, members of Group wanted to continue without Neményi Béla singer who kept the name Atlantis by judicial way. So the name of the Band changed to Pannónia.

Radics played first Jimi Hendrix and Cream music in Hungary.His performance weighed  lot. He performed in Rock Bands Sakk-Matt, Aligátor, Aréna, Nevada, Tűzkerék.Greatest successes came with Taurus Band.

Sakk-matt

The Band Sakk-Matt formed in the beginning of 1968. Members were Harmath Albert, Hőnig Rezső, Miklóska Lajos, Csuha Lajos and Radics Béla.Their introductory concert took place on 1st of May 1968 at Budai Ifjúsági Park.The show of the performance produced by Radics was new and at that time unreal and brilliant.Playing on guitar taking the instrument over the head, and playing with teeth on the guitar the public became astouned.More than ten thousand fans came to this performance.The Group had not media support.Next year they had huge success in Tabán.Behind drums Váradi "Vadölő" László presented."Bélázás"begun."Bélát a pártba, Bélát a kormányba!".

Their regular haunt was found at Danuvia Művelődési Ház where full house performances happened.Parts of Cream and Hendrix songs were transcribed to Hungarian by Miklós Tibor.At autumn of 1969 the new singer of Sakk-Matt became Demjén Ferenc.Due to this fact dividends poisoned the everyday life of this Group concerning future musical direction.The Group Sakk-Matt has split up.Date was 20th of December 1969.Their last concert happened in Kassák Klub.Although in some days Radics founded the new Band, Tűzkerék.

Tűzkerék

The Band Tűzkerék was founded by Radics Béla on 12th of January 1970.Members were Radics Béla, Som Lajos, Váradi "Vadölő"László).The name of the Group came from the idea of girlfriend of Vadölő Wittek Mária.THe name Tűzkerék took allusion to the disc Wheels of Fire of Musical Band The Cream.Later on Demjén Ferenc joined also The Band.Concerts were not planned, the members improvised.Radics guitar play weighed heavily during performances.At the beginning the musicians changed each other in the Band.THe musical found was given by Cream and Jimi Hendrix music.

Some musicians who played in Tűzkerék Band are the following.Döme Dezső, Könnyű József, Tátrai Tibor, Csomós Péter, Nagy Kati, Szigeti András, Kiss Zoltán, Németh "Nemecsek" Zoltán, and the legend and best of bassists Póka Egon.

Tűzkerék has splitted up at the end of 1971.Radics re-formed the Band in 1976 with colleagues Döme Dezső and Póka Egon.From 1978 until 1980 theiir place was taken by Kun Tamás and Soldos László.At that moment Radics unified with the Group Aréna, his early Band, and Aréna musicians gave Tűzkerék members.

From 1981 Radics Béla had several hospital treatments, so Tűzkerék performed without his foundator, frontman.

Taurus Band

Taurus Band exact name was Taurus EX T 25-75-82.With this Rockband Radics and his new Group standed at the gate of nationwide popularity.Tűzkerék was joined by Som Lajos and Balázs Fecó from Neoton Group of that Era, and Brunner Győző from Metró Band.The numbers after the name of the Band was the phone number of Brunner Győző.

Taurus Band gave his presentation at Budai Ifjúsági Park on 1st of May 1972.For membered Band was the Taurus Band.Radics was the virtuoso gitarist and singer, Balázs Fecó the lyrical musician, SOm Lajos played rock music and presented the heavy rocker, Brunner Győző was the "meticulous"drummer.

Taurus played before the Band Free on summer of 1972. THey played in Kisstadion on 29th and 30th of July.Free Group members were Paul Rodgers, Simon Kirke, Andy Fraser and Paul Kossof, who because of drog problems could not be here in Budapest.

Summer passed Som Lajos place was taken by Zorán.Radics became outsider in his Band and could not manage the Taurus.SHow business, spreading at that time demolished Taurus Band."Zenei mészárszék"(musical slaughtering), told Radics.

Radics, the great talent of Hungarian hard rock music, was "knocked out"from Taurus and change occurred in May of 1973.Thus the Taurus Band slipped. The Band edited only two half discs.Two months passed, Radics became the guitarist of Aligátor Band.

AliGÁtor

Although aside of Cream and Hendrix, and other foreign blues and rock songs, six new Taurus songs came into the song list.Aligátor Band could not influence music trends of that era.

Aligátor Band functioned for nine monthes.Pop censor Dr.Erdős Péter banned the Group.Although this short existance, Aligátor Band brought high-quality songs into Hungarian rock history.Eg:Gonosz asszony, Csodálatos utazás.

Year of stopping was 1974. At that time Radics played at Nevada Band. In 1975 he turned back to his original musical style.

Epilogue

At 7th of August 1977 the Big Radics Béla Supergroup gave his concert for the first and last time in Budai Ifjúsági Park.Before Supergroup the occasional Pege Aladár Blues Band performed.After came performances of old Túzkerék Bands.Here performed also another rock legend Tátrai Tibor, Tibusz. Nowdays he performs with his Tátrai Band.After came the Taurus, and Piramis, with Som Lajos.Korál with Balázs Fecó(+) ended the concert.

Due to great success another Jimi Hendrix  tribute concert was organized in Budai Ifjúsági Park on 17th of September 1978.

Radics Béla died on 18th of October 1982.Related to documentary movie, based on his life and career, Megátkozott ember(2023) at the end stage of his life heavy problems of alcohol embittered his life. He had been also forgotten by fans. Showbiz slaughtered his career. Nagy Feró also narrates in this movie.

Radics was burried at Újpest-Megyeri Cemetery.Rock musicians collected the funds for his grave by their music.

Radics left a musical career whics weighs a lot in Hungarian rock history. Texts of Horváth Attila are emphasized in his songs. Horváth was the songwriter of Korál, Piramis, Bojtorján, 100 Folk Celsius, Marathon, Ómen, Charlie, Cserháti Zsuzsa, and Deák Bill Gyula.

Rememberance

művek radics béláról 

jegyzetek

források

sources:Radics Béla-Wikipedia, A megátkozott ember(2023)-Radics Béláról készült dokumentumfilm

Nagy Hunor Attila 

Son of Nagy Feró, music came into his life in the stomach of his mother. Excellent drummer.(Drum solo, 1st of May, Tabán, Beatrice).

Nagy Hunor Attila drummer, music producer was born in Budapest on 3rd of December 1989.Probably he heredited his music talent from his father, the punk and rock musician, legend Nagy Feró.His rhytmical sens was recognized at the age of 3-4 years. He liked the stage and celebrity very early.

Music learning, drum learning started on his own, later a teacher taught him. Result came within short time.Hunor Attila became professional musician.

At the age of 6 he already performed with Beatrice Band.Result was so rewarding that Hunor Attila stayed in his father's Band and became a famous and recognized rock drummer.During time he worked also as technician, driver, extern drummer also in Beatrice.He also participated in Motörhead Tribute Band, in Pretty Visitors Band, which is an Arctic Monkey Tribute Band, or in Hatvan City Hard Core Band.He makes his job as a humble musician, in a good manner.The rock profession knows his name.

Hunor also completed the media science and communication diploma at Milton Friedman University in 2012.In 2013 he finished the ImPro School musical producer course.

In 2010 he became the drummer of Beatrice.As a professional of media sciences and communication, he manages or managed the social media sites  and website of the Band. Internet marketing job.

Hunor Attila created the Brand  NHA and he related a  website, webshop, and the image of the Brand in 2017.The number of social media followers are more than 2700.Beside the musical posts, there are family posts also.

Hunor Attila plays also theater music in Új Színház.He plays music in theater when the concert season finishes in October. In October 2017 was the premiere of Musical "Ricse Ricse Beatrice".THe Musical is very successful since that date and musicians used to new challenge which is the theatrical music playing.Each and every spectacle reminds the sense of Beatrice performances.

Hunor Attila also established contacts between 2017-2020 with Shure Magyarország, with Aquarian Drumheads Hungary and Hangszerarzenál.He is member also of the Clothing Brand Hungarian Legends and Artbeat Hungary.In 2020 Barbaró Attila invited Hunor Attila to drum on his solo record.

In 2021 was created and edited the disc FERÓ75-"Ahogy ti zenéltek..."Nagy Feró dupla tribute album. The production and edition was the work of Hunor and H music edition company.On the disc 32 well known performers musicians and rock bands treatements or write ups can be heard.Hunor mainly intervened as production manager, press manager, and manager, but also as drummer musician.

source:nagyhunorattila.hu

CPG punk music group

CPG although Come On Punk Group and later on Coitus Punk Group.CPG originated from Szeged.It was founded in 1979 by teenager Benkő Zoltán("Güzü"guitarist).Kis Antal("Kicsi"bass guitarist), Kocsis Tibor("Bőr"), Nagy Zoltán ("Kutyás") drums.Sometimes later Gallai Ferenc(Boy-Singer) joined the Group.Kocsis left the Group later.15 years old Varga Zoltán("Snot")changed Kis Antal.In 1981 the Group moved to Budapest, Sashalom.Haska Béla changed Gallai Ferenc.

against the regime

Year was 1983 when CPG PUnk Group has been sentenced to prison because of anti communist texts of their songs.Other accusiations were racist incitements, and incitements against other populations.An example is the song Szovjet Atom.THey spent 1,5-2 years in prison.After liberation Benkő emigrated to Austria and United States with a falsified passport.He came back to Hungary in 1993.

Some of CPG songs:ROhadt angyalok, Meseország, Cselszövő és Primitív bunkók(1983).

publications

THe French Editing House Primitive Czoak edited a mixed small disc entitled "Rebelles de tous les pays reunissez vous!" in 1984.THe CPG song "Primitív Bunkó"has been edited.Other groups came from Eastern Europe, persecuted by communist regimes.Kretens, QSS, ETA?, Fegyelem.

In 1993 was edited their cassette Mindent megeszünk.THis material contained their earlier archives.THe year was 2000 when Kövessy Róbert made his movie entitled Pol Pot Megye punkjai about CPG Band.

(filmvilag.hu/cikk.php?).Related to that movie the disc CPG 1980-1984 was edited.In 2003 the disc Embör vigyázz! came out.CPG gave a concert at A38 on 15th of December 2005.THe limited edition disc could be bought at place.

THey performed giving two songs at "Emberek emberekért"benevole edition.

Date was 2007.Income was dedicated to treatement of leukemia.THe mix is the edition of Leukemia Festival of Szent László Hospital.

At 2008 the demo of 1983 has been edited on disc.Title is CPG.

remarks

sources 

further informations

source:wikipedia-CPG

hungary between 1957-1989

The Period of Hungary between 1956-1989 the so called Kádár Era.Kádár Éra covers the Period of Hungarian Popular Republic between the 7th of November 1956 and 23rd of October 1989.The denomination came after Kádár János Secretaire General until 1988.

repression and consolidation 1956-1963

At the time of repression of Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Kádár János was pointed Hungarian Secretaire General in Moscow.Münnich Ferenc had also chances.During kadarien repression 400 persons were executed because of their participation in Revolution.More than 21668 persons were imprisoned.16-18.000 persons were interned.THey restored the communist institutions established between 1948-1950.THese institutions have been built by Workers Party.The new power restricted stalinist opposition within MSZMP.(Hungarian Socialist Workers Party).The strenghtened State targeted the surveillance and controlling of citizens.Communist terror has been restricted from 1956-57.Statement of United Nations and Western Europe highlighted the fact that there is no way to return to politics of before 1956.("magyar question").Rákosi, Gerő and comrades could not have power no more in Hungary.Legitimity of Hungary and regime was related to United Nations membership by Western powers.United Nations sentenced the new regime.

ÁVH has been banned.Other defending authority was organized named Munkásőrség.Ancient ÁVH officers entered Munkásőrség and the reorganized police.

According to compromise Kádár gave amnesty to sentenced people of 1956.According to that amnesty 80 percent of prisoneers were released in 1960 and 15th of March 1963.As recognition Hungary was internationally accepted.Possibility opened to delegate and receive ambassadors.Greater liberty of private life and career came.Regime had permission to maintain bareers of political activity.Although "magyar question" was no more highlighted.3000 political prisoners were liberated.Lot more were sentenced as common criminals.

The work festivities of 1st of May 1957 passed with participation of masses of hundreds of thousand people.Masses demonstrated at Heroes Square with red and national flegs in official festivities and events and in May picnic.

In reality May demonstration became compulsory in schools and workplaces.

KISZ(Association of Young Communists) has been founded as follower of Dolgozó Ifjúság Szövetsége(Young Workers Association) in 1957.In 1948 Szakszervezetek Országos Tanácsa(Association of Labour Unions in Hungary) founded.It followed communist party directives.

CHina, Roumania, The KGST(Association of Mutual Economical Help) , Soviet Union helped the restarting of crashed Hungarian economy during the Revolution of 1956.They supported with funds, and commercial commodity credits.They also supported Hungary with aids.The greatest amounts were transferred by Soviet Union.Soviet Union decided the utility of loans.

In 1961 the agricultural collectivization finished.Peasants were forced to give their lands to agricultural co-operatives.As result 90 percent of agricultural lands went into téeszes, agricultural state co-operations.State delivery system finished.Food supply became secure.1963 came and electricity supported Hungarian settlements.Food industry and light industry became emphasized.Planned economy and wrong industry morphology survived.Industry produced wastes, and was over burocratized.Infrastructure has been neglected and environment damaged.

Mature kádárism 1963-1979

The editor of this blog was born, grew and lived in mature and declined Kádárism between 1967-1985.Conducting of Socialist Party became authoritaire until 1963.Kádár Regime has not targeted totalitarism.Kádár propageted the politics "who is not against us, is with us".Agitating against the Regime has been banned.Western press emphasized the expression "happiest baraque" of socialist camp.At that times Hungary became soft dictature from 1968.Another denomination was "goulash communism".THis Era became more likely and viable compared to neighboring countries of socialist camp.Conducting of MSZMP decided without asking people.Hungarian people turned away from the Party.Ideological questions and asking legitimity of Communist Party were strictly banned.Such questions were Soviet occupation, necessity of dictature of proletariat, fact of full working but workless people in factories, the fact that 1956 was Counter-Revolution, critising Kádár János, declining but remaining poverty.Although other topics could be highlighted.Press was controlled by Socialist Party.Intellectuals generated debates.Although espionnage by secret services against population has been widespreaded.CHild born rating lowered.At that time that trend overwhelmed in Western Europe also.SOme progress has been shown with GYES  introduced in 1967 and GYES introduced in 1985.Between 1971 and 2009 existed SZOCPOL, a state supporting system.SZOCPOL helped families flat buying with support that families with children had not paying back to the Hungarian State.From 1994 until ceasing the amount raised.

Earlier powering of Chuch has been restricted.In place of church christening came socialist name giving feasts, in place of church marriages came KISZ marriages and Munkásőr marriages.Funerals organization went to organizations of the socialist state.All these ceremonies were compulsory for MSZMP members.

Matured Kádárism was named "Goulash Communism".After 1956 everyday strategic defense meant the defense of everyday life.Everyday life covered everyday satisfaction of citizens.Everyday people raise of standard of living was main question.More and more hotels were built and people could go to summer holidays.Restricted Western travels got permission.Western travelling submissions were accepted every three years.Authorities permitted or renounced these submissions.Transport and telecommunications industries slowly developed.Private houses financed by the State(kádár cubes) and council blocks have been constructed.Main parts were constructed from block elements.Hospitals and consulting rooms were raised.Social security got their right of citizens between 1975-1997.People getting social security became hundred percent.Health rates have grown.All could buy consumer products.Educational institutions were raised and scolarity level has grown.

For people close to Regime superior education opened.No matter to social class belonging.Payment raised per year until 1978.

Source of development was the growing of decreasing production.For effectivity and productivity communist regime tried and experienced with some western market elements.THese steps were very brave trials in Eastern bloc.Date was 1968, beginning of soft dictature.THis step was called the so called new mechanism of economy.New mechanism gave the most of successes in agriculture.Autonomy of téeszes and home economies raised level of life.Agricultural associations could create industrial side usines.Hopes gone away with Repression of Spring of Prague.Reforms happened against Moscow.Reforms were decreased because of repression of Spring of Prague.

Raising inner turbulances resulted the renounce of Kádár János, the idea diminished.

At that time consumption raised and petit bourgeoisie began.Having the telephone has been privilage but that time population could claim the telephone.Puritanism has been changed by socialist mass consumption, equality has been changed by importance of individual economic situation.Judgement of Kádár mainly improved.Repression of Revolution of 1956, the idea diminished.

Socialist progress resulted debts and western dependence.New mechanism has been retired in 1972.Until 1973 KGST could not help any more.Main reason has been oil crisis.ALthough Socialist Party opposed to Western Countries, from 1973 Hungary took Japanese loans.Mainly Japanese loans supported economic crisis.The so called double speech remained until failure of Kádárism.Western journalists spreaded the denomination the "happiest baraque".

Party leaders told that crisis exists only in West.They hoped results of energetic and heavy industry projects  investing cheap Western loans into these projects.Eg:Bős-Nagymaros project.Although the old, hardly sellable product creation continued.Regime counter balanced negative production with cheap loans.

declining kádárism(1979-1989)

Growing economic disturbations grew uncertainity of Regime.Consequence of Kádárism was that according to 1956 the level of everyday life cannot be decreased.In '80 s great amounts were retired from agriculture to force the old fashioned energy production.However infrastructure neglected compared to antecedant years, progress of transport and telecommunication decreased.

Until 1982 Hungary reached failure.Reasons have been oil crisis of 1973 and 1979 and loan supported state.New IMF loans and World Bank loans gave "secure way".Condition was to enter Hungary to International Monetary Fund and IBRD.Hungary entered IMF in 1982.In 1983 the country joined IBRD.Because of price supplies and payment decreases inflation grew.Private economy got permission.In Hungarian "maszekok" and "gmks" began to function.Between 1968-1971 second economy got bigger place.Reason was the decreasing state and shortage of economy.Other forms of private economy were KFT, KTSZ.Number of workers in private economy reached the number of before 1949.Population has been over exploited.Economy changed from planned economy to market economy.Slow changes came but the Regime slowly collapsed.Prizes grew per year.Population became more and more unsatisfied.Concerning alcoholism and suicide rate Hungary occupied leading position.Raising the level of life stopped.

From 1982 Saturday is holiday.

THe Hungarian Governement was the political subordinate of Communist Party.Parlament has been formally existed until the first democratic elections in 1990.After 1979 came the first opposition groups.Reforms began within MSZMP.Democratic opposition opened slowly.Opposition have had two branches.THe national, popular branche and the urban, liberal branche.1981 was the date of foundation of illegal Beszélő Magazine, the "szamizdat".After some new papers came.1984:Hírmondó, 1986:Demokrata, 1989:Hitel.

Mikhail Gorbatchef opened the way of peaceful democratisation and westernization in 1985.

At the 14th and 16th of June 1985 at Monorierdő camping Donáth Ferenc organized the meeting of fourty-five intellectuals.Other participants of this meeting were popular writers, artists against the Regime , ancient revolutionaires, reformer economists, historians.THis illegal meeting unified urban and national populist political opposition.THat year happened the allocation of lean appartments.The post-communists of 21st century who now serve brussel empire were the antecedant democratic opposition.

To saveguard the payability the Governement negotiated a two times 1 billion loan with German Republic.Payout took place between the month of OCtober 1987 and 1989.In 1990 a new 500 million mark loan came to recognize the political changes.Loan meant economic support.

Hungarian Governement and IMF signed the Industrial Structure Changing Loan on 1st of July 1988.As consequence Law of Economic Societies was founded.Other related laws were also founded.State companies became joint-stack companies.Native persons got the right to buy stocks.Native persons got right to found companies.THese companies were KFT and joint-stock companies.Compay taxing changed.Iron industry and coal mining also changed.Producting and consuming amount of prize support mainly decreased.VAT and tax of personal payment(SZJA) have been introduced.Big state companies producing to East-Europe markets made bankrupt because of decreasing production of sector of energy.At the end of decade the unemployment appeared.Sign of change was the foundation of Hungarian-Western companies.Unregulated privatization began.

In 1987 the first opposition party MDF was founded at meeting of Lakitelek. 

Regime not pursued that party.It has got legitimization and became negotiating partner of State Party.Negotiations began at Opposition Round Table Meeting.Collegiate intellectuals appeared.Such an intellectual is Orbán Viktor the excellent Prime Minister of Hungary and colleagues.Fidesz the present governing party started at Bibó College at Ménesi Street in 1988.

Nowdays our Prime Minister and colleagues and Fidesz are the heavy-weighting governing force of a Hungary in progress and would reestablish declaining Europe.Other intellectuals who appeared, were the later SZDSZ members and leaders.Until 1994 they got their pact with the post-MSZMP Party, MSZP.In 1988 Kádár János lost power.Upcoming new Party Secretaire Grósz Károly left him out from Political Committee.Kádár was not elected Party Secretaire neither.He became President of COmmunist Party.

Kádár died on 6th of July 1989.Thus State Socialism finished.On 7th of October 1989 at 14th Congress of MSZMP the COngress decided the establishment of legal successor of Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt, Magyar Szocialista Párt.

At the end of State Socialism Szűrös Mátyás declared Hungarian Republic.Date was the 23rd of October 1989.

Culture

Goulash COmmunism was defined by permission of cultural activities.The three T related to name of Minister of Culture Aczél György.THis meant tűrés, tiltás, támogatás(permission, interdiction, support).SOme ideological questions were banned to tact.Some questions were debt of Hungary, 1956 Revolution, Soviet occupation, Communist Party and State.Some other banned questions were critisizing the Communist Regime, workers statement, situation of Hungarians over the border, poverty, Kádár János and leaders of Communist Party.Political and extreme oppinions were banned in artistic creation.

The movie Eltörölni Frankot(Demolish Frank) presents pursuit of a punk musician in 1984 against the Regime.Szabad Európa Rádió(Free Europe Radio) opposed against Communist Regimes also.Free Europe broadcasted in Hungarian, too.In 80's came the Szamizdat Litterature against Kádárism.

Notes 

further informations

Source:Wikipedia:Hungary between 1957-1989

this would have happened if kádár would have taken lsd in tap water

A docu movie talks about the fact that Kádár would have taken LSD in tap water.On 1st of November 1956 Kádár travelled to Soviet Union with Münnich Ferenc.In Moscow Hrustchev decided that after repression of Hungarian Revolution Kádár would reorganize Hungary.On 4th of November Münnich and Kádár fled until Szolnok from Soviet Union.Kádár was transported on a char until the Hungarian Parlament in Budapest guarded by soldiers.According to books of history and the docu movie National Trip and Reiner M.János, historian, Kádár stayed in Parlament for one month with his wife.

Although Gacsal Lujza the ancient personal assistant of Kádár János remembers to these events other way.She says that Kádár with collaborators travelled to Switzerland and negotiated with a chemist named Hoffmann.Gacsal has material prooves to support what she tells.She points on postcard that the boss sent her from the Alps.Gacsal knows about the plans also.

THe other protagonist and main actor in the movie is Piszlauer Kálmán chemist.Piszlauer says that he began to work at Budaújlaki Vízmű as quality controller in 1953.At the age of 23, in 1957 his boss called him to negotiate but not at workplace.They met at Buda side of Margit Bridge.They walked to the White House the ancient Siege of State Party.The White House was found at Pest side of Margit Bridge.His boss told him that he will have an important task to complete.

He would have put LSD to replace chloride in tap water because of happiness of people.Kádár delegated young and foolish Piszlauer to complete the task.Piszlauer tells that it was a difficult task.He would have to complete the putting of aspiring LSD through skin into tap water without any mistaking.He had not too much time to complete this task.World should have known about happy Hungarian masses on 1st of May 1957.

Although this was a joke.Half is true, because National Trip is a fake movie based on some true events.Something does not fit in this story.Kádár and colleagues have never travelled to Switzerland.THey never met Albert Hoffmann in 1956.The chemist synthetised LSD in 1938.It is not true that anybody put LSD into Hungarian tap water.Piszlauer Kálmán is an imaginery person.

Szécsi Vilma actress played Gacsal Lujza in National Trip movie.The real base of the movie National Trip is such surrealistic, as the fiction elements.The young director Halos Ádám based the idea of his diploma movie on a fake docu movie from Slovenia.Basic idea was the contradictory situation between 1956 and the 1st of May 1957.THe idea of LSD and water came later.The main idea of Halmos Ádám came from Kétfarkú Kutya Párt.One of their political campaign was a joke about putting LSD into tap water.It became a smaller scandal.

Nemzeti Trip was the diploma movie of Halmos at Theatre and Film University in Budapest.The aim of this movie is the experimentation and make people think.

source:Ez történt volna ha Kádár LSDT csempésztet az ivóvízbe 24.hu

grósz károly

Grósz Károly was a communist politican, he took the power from Kádár János at the end the of Hungarian Socialist Regime.It happened in 1988. At that time Socialism and Popular Republic of Hungary were at the edge of breaking down and splitting up. MDF(Magyar Demokrata Fórum), Fidesz(Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége), SZDSZ(SZabad Demokraták Szövetsége) were formed and active in opposition against Regime.Later SZDSZ allied with the Post-MSZMP and communist Party, MSZP, Magyar Szocialista Párt, Hungarian Socialist Party.

Grósz Károly was THe President of Hungarian Communist Committee of Ministers, Minisztertanács, and Secretaire General of MSZMP, Hungarian Socialist Workers Party.

He was born at Miskolc, on 1st of August 1930. He died at Gödölló on 7th of January 1996.

career 

He was born on 1st of August 1930 in a worker family in Miskolc.Father was Grósz Károly worker in Diósgyőr Machine Factory(Diósgyőri Gépgyár).Mother Szikora Margit worked in a printing house.After finishing elementary and civilian school, he learnt as locksmith apprentice.He worked at his father working place at Diósgyőri Gépgyár, from 1944 until 1945.After this job he learnt the printing work also, during his apprenticeship at Borsodi Nyomda.(Borsod Printing House).THis period happened between 1945-1949.He entered Communist Party in 1945.Between 1949-1950 he was Secretaire of Organization of Popular Association of Hungarian Youth at Szikszó, Abaúj-County.THis service finished, for four years he served as lieutenant and lieutenant general at the Yougoslav-Hungarian Frontieer.Since 1954 he got the service of leading the Section of Agitation and Propaganda of Secretary of Party Committee at Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County.

During Revolution of 1956 he stayed in his service.He banned to journalists to inform concerning the derouling of events.He made disappear the Kossuth Heraldry from the heading of ÉSzak-Magyarország paper.He was elected Chef of Party System of the County on 4th of November during the intervention of Soviet troops.

Since 1961 he became collaborator of Section of Agitation and Propaganda of Hungarian Socialist Worker Party Central Committee.(MSZMP KB).Although during that time he was elected Secretary of Hungarian Socialist Worker Party of Hungarian Public Radio and Television.From 1968 he became Vice-Chef of Central Committee of Hungarian Socialist Worker Party Agitation and Propaganda Section.From 1974 he lead this Section of Communist Party.Before he was active as Secretaire of KISZ, The COmmunist Youth Organization.For a short time between October 1973-August 1974 he fulfilled The Secretary Position of Committee of Fejér-County of Hungarian Workers Party.For five years from the end of 1979 until the end of 1984 he directed the Party Committee of Borsod County.In 1980 he was elected to MSZMP KB, Hungarian Socialist Workers Party Central Committee.Between 1984-1987 he was Prime Secretaire of Committee of Budapest.In 1985 he was elected to Political COmmittee of MSZMP, Hungarian Socialist Workers Party.

Prime ministry

He was elected President of Committee of Ministers on 25th of June 1987.Grósz recognized the necessity of market economy, but within Socialism.During his Presidency in January 1988 THE VAT(ÁFA) was introduced.Personal Income Tax(SZJA) was also introduced at that time.Some members or ancient members of this Governement stayed actives after the end of Socialism and the turning period. Eg:Csehák Judit Vice-President of Committee and Minister of Social Affairs and Health.Medgyessy Péter Ancient Minister of Finance, Vice-Prime Minister, Prime-Minister also stayed active.

At the Meeting of MSZMP on 20th-22nd of May 1988 the reformists gained place within Hungarian Socialist Workers Party.They wished to expand introducing some social eases.Aim was to realize the market economy for changing the planned economy.They targeted the growing of ratio of market economy and decentralizing.These processes became necesseaire because of intenable state of earlier Socialist economy.Grósz Károly made exampted Kádár János earlier Secretaire of MSZMP from his position. Although Kádár could keep Presidency of MSZMP. Main members of Political COmmittee were also sacked.

THe Enclosure of Meeting pointed the necessity of "Pluralism Socialist"within the Party.

Although Grósz Károly could not follow and controle the reforms started.In November 1988 he visioned white terror and he orated about white terror concerning Opposition Round Table.

On 24th of November he dismissed and Németh Miklós followed him.In January 1989 Pozsgay has broken the myth and interdiction concerning the Revolution of 1956. He named the "Counter-Revolution" banned by Communists The Revolt of People.Grósz Károly travelled to Switzerland, and during he communicated the fact that Pozsgay Imre has no right to declare and conclude over the events of 1956, only the Party(MSZMP) has this right.The MSZMP KB declared on 11th of February of that year the Revolt of People which ended as Counter-Revolution.Grósz as a communist of faith could not agree and his political career finished at that point.

During The Democratic change and after 

Grósz insisted the maintainance and duration of Warsaw Pact and Socialist Regime during democratic change.

He was active in foreign politics also. He travelled to United States of America and West-Germany.He met also the Ex-Dictator of Roumania Nicolae Caucescu in Arad which was a political defeat.

On 29th of March  1989 Hungarian pluralism was communicated.The foundation of Hungarian Socialist Party, the legal follower of Hungarian Socialist Worker Party (MSZMP) was announced between 7-10th of October 1989.Place of communication was the Extraordinary Congress of MSZMP.

Grósz Károly and Berecz János renounced to enter MSZP, Hungarian Socialist Party.Although they participated in reorganization of ancient Party, MSZMP.

Grósz Károly dismissed from his membership of MSZMP KB and retired. He died in 1996 because of cancer of reins, renal insufficiency.

private life

publications

source:Grósz Károly magyar politikus Wikipedia

kádár János

Ancient Secretaire of MSZMP(HUngarian Socialist Worker Party) between 1956-1988. Generations grew up in Kádár Regime, in Goulash Communism. 

Kádár János was born Czermanik János József.He was born in Fiume on 26th of May 1912.He died in Budapest on 6th of July 1989.Kádár was one of the main figures of contemporary Hungarian history.His family name Kádár came from communist cercles from 1943.

He lead the Kádár Regime, the Era of Soviet Regime after The Second World War. The Kádár Era lasted from 1956, repression of Revolution until 1988.

Officially Kádár was a Communist Dictator, although he renovated Soviet Regime in Hungary after the 4th of November 1956. Later he and his comrades introduced the so called Goulash Communism in Hungary.From 1968 the Soviet model, the planned economy weakened and the opening towards West-Europe and market economy has been emphasized.

Kádár lived a simple life.He did not earn lot of money, he had no luxury cars, etc.

Kádár was faithful to Socialism.His great merit was the balancing between Soviet Regime and Western World.

Kádár re-established Soviet Socialist Regime in Hungary after the SOviet repression of Revolution of 1956 but later he and reformers introduced the so called Soft Dictature in Hungary.

Political career of Kádár is the subject of debates until today in historical science also.

After re-establishing Socialism, the Kádár Era could raise the level of life in Hungary.Raised and maintained economy gave the pillars of New Mechanism of Economy.This Era of growing highlighted the First Period of Kádár Era.Hungary and Hungarian leaders were recognized by Western political world.

Although second part of Kádár Era brought recession and endebtment. At the end of years 1980 the end of Kádár Era appeared.The introduction of market economy, and necessity of westernization became clear.

career

Before 1945 Kádár was active in illegal communist movement.Between 1943-1944 he was the leader of the Peace Party founded and organized by himself.Between 1948-1950 he was the Interior Minister of Dinnyés and Dobi Governements.Kádár was arrested in 1951, he was sentenced in a conceptional trial in 1952, he was imprisoned until 1954.Since the 25th of October 1956 he was the Main Secretaire of MDP KV.He had been elected Minister of Second Governement of Nagy Imre on 30th of October 1956.On 1st of November he was taken to Moscow where he got the direction of repression of Revolution of 1956.He was elected leader  of MSZMP,  hereditaire of MDP.From 1957 until 1988 he was elected Secretaire of MSZMP the Socialist Workers Party.From 1985 he was elected Secretaire-General of MSZMP.He was Prime Minister from the 4th of November 1956 until 1958.His second period of Prime Ministry lasted between 1961-1965.Between 1958-1961 he was elected Minister of Münnich Governement.

Between 1965-1989 he was Member of President Committee.

Around the time of democratic changes he became ill and also because of his old age he could not participate actively in political work.He had been exampted from his Secretary-General position on 22nd of May 1988.Although he fulfilled his Presidency of MSZMP until the 8th of May 1989.From this position he was exampted one month before his death.When he died in 1989, the Court rehabilitated Nagy Imre and comrades on same day.

young Ages 

Mother Czermanik Borbála was born in 1884.She died in 1949.She was born in Ógyalla at Komárom County.She had Slovak ancestors from the part of father, and Hungarian ancestors from part of mother.Parents were agrarians.

Because of poorness of family, she soon became servant.She got a job in Croatia, and here she met Krezinger János, the father of Kádár.Krezinger had ancestors from Pusztaszemes, and had agrarian origins.He was born in 1887 and died in 1965.Parents were smallholders in Pusztaszemes.

From this couple, Kádár János was born on 26th of May 1912 in Fiume.In Catholic Register of Fiume he was registered as Giovanni Giuseppe Czermanek, in Hungarian Czermanek János József.Kádár was born in Hospital Santo Spirito founded by local Italian community.Later documents registered Kádár as Csermanek, because of easier pronounciation.

Parents not married, so mother gave birth to Kádár as unmarried woman.THe newborn Kádár got the Catholic Romain religion and family name of her mother.Kádár did not know his father personally, he got knowing him only in 1960.

He was elevated until 1918 at Kapoly by his adoptive parents.He lived in Inner City of Budapest at the flat in Városház Street 4.Her mother washed and cleaned.He started schools on 1st of September 1918 at elementary school in Cukor Street.He continued his schools at civil school in Wesselényi Street.In 1927 he finished his apprentice crafstman school.He became typewriter technician.Apprentice period closed in 1929 and he became typewriter technician.He worked as auxiliaire some months in the garage.

Young communist era

He was seventeen when joined the illegal communist movement.Since 1929 he was member of Young Group of Vasas Worker Committee.He participated in mass demonstration of Budapest on 1st of September 1930.In September 1931 he entered KIMSZ, Hungarian Association of Young Communist Workers and KMP Hungarian Party of Communists.In November 1931 he was arrested, and lack of prooves taken under police control.From springtime 1932 he was member of Committee of North Region of KIMSZ, his code- name was Barna János.He was Secretaire of Central Committee of KIMSZ in 1933.He was arrested at a KIMSZ meeting.Because of his activities he was sentenced to two years of penitentiary in October 1933.He was taken to Penitentiary of Budapest.In December 1933 KIMSZ KB sacked him out because of comportment in prison.In 1934 he was taken to Csillag Prison to Szeged because of participation in a hunger strike.Here he met Rákosi Mátyás.After liberated he got the order of KMP to enter Hungarian Social-Democratic Party, SZDP. He entered the sixth district movement in Budapest.

era of illegality

In 1940 he was member of Executive Committee of Social-Democratic Party.He led the Group of Youngs.Since 1941 he was member of Regional Committee of Budapest of KMP.He went to illegality in May 1942.At that time he was member and organizer of KMP KB.In September 1942 he organized and led the reorganization of District Committees.He was elected member of Central Committee in December 1942.He became the Main Secretaire of KMP in February 1943, and he was named Kádár János.Kádár János was his name in the movement but later on 20th March 1945 he asked the name changing.In April of 1943 he was one of participants of the outlining of Party.After splitting up of Internationale Communist in June of 1943 he was elected leader of Békepárt(Party of Peace), hereditaire of KMP.On March 1944 the German occupation of Hungary started.Since March 1944 Kádár in the name of Central Committee highlighted the foundation of Central Front, and he and his comrades  also organized the three membered  Military Committee of KMP.The Party Communist ordered Kádár to travel to Yougoslavia and keep contact with Communist leaders.At Hungarian-Yougoslave Frontieer he was arrested because he had the identification documents of Lupták János who deserted from the army. He kept in secret his real identity.Kádár János has been taken with other communists to the Castle of Komárom.Kádár was sentenced to two years of prison because of deserting from the army.He became the Main Secretaire of Central Committee in September of 1944.In November of 1944 during his transport to Germany he fled away at Nyergesújfalu.He returned to Budapest illegally, and he joined illegal opposition movements.In January 1945 Gerő Ernő changed him at the Post of Main Secretary of MKP.After the Siege of Budapest on 13th of February 1945 he got the Post of Vice-Chief of Police Department.Between 1945-1947 he was Represantant of Parlament.At that time he also led the Department of Communist Comrades of MKP.Since April 1945 he is member of Secretary  of Central Committee of MKP.In May of 1945 he was Secretaire of Regional Committee of MKP.From May 1945 he was member of Political Committee, Secretary of LargeBudapest Committee of MKP.

period between 1945-1956

In illegality Csermanek János used several names.He used the names of Barna János, Lupták János and Kádár János.The name Kádár János has been initialized after 1945 with permission of Interior Minister.On name of Kádár János he was elected to Secretary  of MKP KV, Secretary of Regional Committee of MKP Budapest, and Chef of Department of Comrades Communist of MKP KV and the newly founded Political Committee member.

From 1946 he was elected Vice- Secretary  General of MKP later of MDP.Between 1947-1952 he was elected Representant of Parlament.

In March 1948 he was elected President of Committee of MKP-SZDP.In June 1948 he was Secretaire of Committee of Budapest of MDP.He was Secretaire of Committee of Budapest of MDP in June of 1948.He was Interior Minister between the 5th of August 1948-23rd of June 1950.He took an active part in the trial against Rajk László in 1949.He interrogated Rajk László in collaboration with Farkas Mihály Minister of Military Affairs.They also interrogated Noel Ford.

Kádár married Tamáska Mária on 19th of July 1949.Since May 1950 he was member of Organization Committee of Central Department and CHef of Department of Party and Mass Organizations.

He was arrested in May 1951 and deprived from all political functions.On 25th of June he was deprived from his parlamental mandate, also.Reason of arrestation was the introduction of hostile elements into the Hungarian Soviet Council System.Clerks and functionnaires from before 1945 and functionnaires and clerks of coalition times were hostile to the Regime.

Zöld Sándor was taken into responsibility but he massacred his family and committed suicide. Although Kádár was taken into responsibility.

Kádár was sentenced by Supreme Court to life penitentiary in December 1952 in a conceptional court trial.Although death of Stalin got the re-examination of Kádár and comrades sentence and liberation because of detention of Soviet terror in July 1954. Gerő Ernő directed this process.At August of the same year he was rehabilited and got all his political functions.

At the trial of rehabilitation the Court fixed the fact of close contact of Kádár with Political Police in the '30s but they also fixed the perishment of these events.Another event was the splitting up of KMP during the Second World War in which Kádár was rehabilited.Year was October 1954 he became Secretary of Committee of Thirteenth District of MDP.He became Secretary of Committee of Pest-County in September 1955.He was elected member of Secretary of Central Committee, Political Committee and Secretary of Central Committee of MDP in July 1956.

during the revolution of 1956

Kádár communicated his message on 24th of October  1956 in Public Radio, Kossuth Rádió,in which he, similarly to his comrades Gerő Ernő and Nagy Imre,  declared the Revolution of 1956 counter-revolution and he communicated anger towards Hungarians.

Gerő Ernő has been releved on 25th of October and Kádár took his place on post of Central Committee of KDNP as Secretary.He told his speech in Kossuth Rádió Broadcast at the afternoon of 25th of OCtober at half past three o'clock. He condamned the Revolution and  qualified it as counter-revolution.He told that counter-revolution against the State Power on Socialist Republic has to be repressed.

Next day he became member of Direktory(Direktórium) and on 28th of October he was elected President of Central Committee of Presidency.

He was State Minister of Nagy Imre Governement between the 30th of October and 4 of November.On 30th of October he became member of Dealing Committee of MSZMP, founded newly.

However Kádár changed attitude on 1st of November before 22 hours he told another speech in Kossuth Broadcast.In that speech he declared the Hungarian Revolution a glorius revolt of Hungarian people.He also announced the foundation of MSZMP Party.During the afternoon Kádár and Münnich Ferenc left Parlament and also Budapest.During that time Soviet leadership decided to repress the Revolution and naming Kádár or Münnich to Head of Hungarian Popular Republic.Leonyid Iljitch Bresnev Secretary-General Of Central Committee of Soviet Union was named to take Kádár and Münnich to Moscow.Due to rememberance the Ancient Ambassador of Soviet Union in Budapest, Jury Andropov sent a message to Münnich to present themselves at a meeting at the Soviet Ambassy.Münnich sent a car to Kádár to the Parlament.At the Soviet Ambassy Münnich and Kádár took their seat in a Soviet car.They have been taken to the Soviet Base of Tököl.Here they were announced about the fact that the Soviet High-Committee wishes to negotiate the situation established in Hungary.They have been taken on airplane to Ungvár and Munkács where they met Bresnyev.Münnich and Kádár travelled to Moscow on separate planes.On 2nd and 3rd of November other leaders of communist countries negatiated with Münnich Ferenc and Kádár János about the Hungarian situation.

On 2nd  of November, after arrival to Moscow, they were brought to Presidential Siege of Soviet Communist Party.Here Kádár János, not knowing that he is detented or the next Secretary of the Party-took the responsibility in his report for the foundation of MSZMP(Hungarian Socialist Worker Party).He also took responsibility for taking part in neutrality of Hungary and stepping out from Warsaw Pact of Hungary.Although he reported the fact that the politics of Nagy Imre contains counter-revolution elements also.He renounced concerning military repression because he thought that at that way the Party would be discredited.

Hrustchev, leader of Soviet Party came back to Moscow on 3rd of November from the Island of Tito-Brioni. Here he proposed Kádár János as next Secretary of Hungary, against Münnich Ferenc.Anyway Münnich Ferenc was the earlier Hungarian Ambassador in Moscow.At the Presidential Siege of SZKP, Soviet Communist Party, Kádár listened to Hruschtev riport. Hruschtev told that in Hungary the danger of counter-revolution is present.Kádár in his answer accepted the help of Soviet Party to the military intervention.After the reporting and the answer of Kádár Hruschtev communicated the list of new Hungarian communist governement.After that Kádár told that in Hungary counter-revolutionists massacre communists and Nagy Imre helps them.

At the 4 of November at dawn Kádár and Münnich flew to Szolnok, pointing Ungvár.At 5 o'clock at dawn the foundation of Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Party was communicated at Szolnok Radio Broadcast.At the 7th of November Kádár was brought to Budapest by Soviet chars.He was brought to Parlament guarded by Soviet soldiers and in first two monthes he and wife lived there.Soviet experts lived also in Budapest Parlament in next rooms.At that time Kádár founded the Temporary Directing Committee of MSZMP.At same day Dobi István named him President of Committee of Ministers.

KÁDÁR ERA 1956-1988

On 21st of November Kádár secured in a written form Edvard Kardelj Vice-Prime Minister of Yougoslavia about the fact that Nagy Imre stays intouchable and will not be taken in responsibility.The written security contained that thus Nagy Imre and comrades can live Ambassy of Yougoslavia and going home in security.

On 22nd of November Nagy Imre and comrades dismissed from their political asylum and left the Ambassy of Yougoslavia. They were confident towards the promises of Kádár and Hungarian Governement.The occupant Soviet troops who broke the contract with Yougoslavia arrested them.Nagy Imre was brought by bus to Mátyásföld to Soviet barrack.

Kádár told another speech on 26th of November 1956.He promised unpunishment to participants of events of 1956.Although he promised the punishment of counter-revolutionnaires and agitators.

Lot thought after Kádár speech that there will be no repression.However the contrary happened and hundreds and thousands have been imprisoned and executed officially. In Salgótarján Kádár told a speech in which he named Nagy Imre treator and he accused Nagy of agitation of counter-revolution.Kádár told also that Nagy Imre, Losonczy Géza, Háy Gyula and Zelk Zoltán inflamed  the armed attack against Hungarian Popular Republic and protected the cause of counter-revolution after the Revolution.

Kádár became President of Central Committee of Hungarian Socialist Worker Party, in June member of Political Committee of Hungarian Socialist Worker Party.He was Secretary-General of Central Committee.He announced the fight on two fronts.He dismissed from Presidency of Committee of Ministers in January 1958.He was State Minister between the January 28 1958-13th of September 1961.He accorded to the trial of Nagy Imre, he accepted the sentence and execution in 1958.He considered the execution of Nagy Imre necessary when Soviet leadership was not devoted to it.From 1958 he was elected Parlamentary Representative.He was elected President of Committee of Ministers between 13th of September 1961-30th of June 1965.He was member of Country Committee of Hazafias Népfront. since 1964.In 1965 he became Secretary-General of MSZMP KB.He became member of Presidential Committee in November 1965.

Since the first part of 1960's during cold war detention he tasked the establishment of better life conditions in Hungary.THat is why two and half decades became "Goulash Communism" in public speech.It was symbol of better life in Hungary than in neighboring countries, except Yougoslavia.Another expression was the "Funniest barrack", Legvidámabb barakk in Hungarian.THe editor of these contents grew up also in Goulash Communism.Kádár wanted to avoid the repetition of events of 1956 because of bad conditions of life for the Hungarians.THat is how the repression of Revolution of 1956 was publicly forgotten.Time passed people already could enjoy life in somehow westernized Hungary.Although this was true to masses. Intellectuals and democrats, right-wing and liberal politicans revolted continously against the Communist Regime.

Kádár definetely broke with the past.He excluded from the MSZMP Rákosi Mátyás, Gerő Ernő and other hard-line comrades.He gave amnesty to some sentenced and detented people of 1956 in 1960 and 1963.

He agreed to Hungarian participation of troops of Warsaw Pact to breake down the  Prágai Tavasz(Springtime of Prague) in August 1968 but he wanted to avoid this intrusion.He would agree to intrusion in case of advancing of counter-revolutionnary forces.Kádár negotiated with Alexander Dubcek Secretary Tcheque for avoiding the intrusion of military troops.Although all these negotiations did not brought results.

He contributed to New Economic Mechanism established by Nyers Rezső and comrades in 1968.THis Mechanism revealed hopes in Hungary but Soviet Regime annulated the establishment.

In 1981 the opposition got force in Poland, in form of Social Committee "Solidarnosc", Solidarity Movement.Leader was Lech Walesa. Soviet Regime planned the military intrusion.Kádár opposed, telling that he would not help socialist forces to intervene in Poland.Finally Soviets forced the establishment of emergency state in Poland.

Kádár became the Secretary-General of Central Committee in March 1985.His health state demolished and in 1988 Grósz Károly exampted Kádár János from his Post of Secretary-General.He was exampted from Political Committee also.He was namely the President of MSZMP.His last speech is the speech of 12 April 1989 on closed Session of Central COmmittee of the Party.It was a perturbed speech and old and ill Kádár faced his conscience.

In May 1989 Kádár got examption from his Post of Party Presidency also.He got exampted from his Post of Central Committee.

private life

Kádár lived his life in wealth although he not lived luxury life.Since 1948 he lived in the villa of Cserje Street.He got an office car, he used this car for shorter trips.THis car was a Mercedes W 116 type car.When he travelled farer, he did not take airplane although he took the train.He did not like great parties where eating and drinking was obliigatory.Although he liked hunting, he had his own Hunting Association.THis Association was called Egyetértéstársaság, and the Secretary-General decided about the membership.He preferred the excursion and company within hunting.He not liked the real hunting of animals, like in 1972.Bresnyev the Soviet Secretary-General also participated four times on Kádár János huntings.During that time they negotiated also politics.He also met Franz Jozef Strauss when he visited to Hungary for hunting.Kádár János also liked sports.In young ages he liked soccer, swimming and chess.In elder ages he continued swimming and chess playing.He also liked card playing, domino game and reading.He liked Svejk from Jaroslav Hasek, the hunting books of Széchenyi Zsigmond.He participated in huntings with Széchenyi Zsigmond too.Illyés Gyula was his neighbor whose books he read with joy.He liked Keresztury books also.Kádár did not watch television, only on 1st of May, to see the festivities.At the place of basin of his villa at Szemlőhegy, Cserje Street he raised hens of Bábolna for the reason of egg loving.Concerning the marriage, Kádár did not married until the age of 32, because of relation to his mother.He had romontic relations with two women. One of them was his wife, Tamáska Mária.Another was a woman with a child living in marriage. This relations happened in 1940's.This romance and Kádár romance with his wife  happened in times of Illegal Communist Era.Marriage happened some years later.Kádár and Tamáska Mária had no children.Their summer holidays were spent at Holiday Resort of MSZMP in Balatonaliga.Kádár and wife travelled often to countries of Eastern Bloc.In 1977 they travelled to Vatican in Rome.

death of kádár jános

He died on 6th of July 1989 the same day when Nagy Imre and comrades  were rehabilitated at Supreme Court.During the rehabilitation people gave a paper to each other, on which the news was written:Kádár János died.

According to Thürmer Gyula, President of Workers Party, neither Németh Miklós nor Grósz Károly were not present at Kádár death.

historical influence of kádár jános

For Soviet order he broke down the Revolution of 1956 within every level. In Hungarian Police and Army he also repressed the Revolution.Aside imprisonments and political court trials, lot lost their jobs and living after 1956.Until democratic changes in 1989, the Sovietic foreign politics of Hungary had opened the gates towards some economic reforms and opening towards West.

Kádár was a contradictory figure of Hungarian politics.He played main role in detention of Hungarian politics after the stabilisation of Regime in 1956.As a Secretary of MSZMP he often lost corruption to his comrades in MSZMP.

Kádár János notes are placed in Historical Documentary of Interior Department.These are secret documents.

historical judgement of kádár jános

According to surveys of Medián and Hankiss Elemér at the end of year 2007

Kádár János was the third best politican amongst historical figures.Széchenyi István got the first place, and second place was judged to Kossuth Lajos according to participants in this survey.

Main reasons of "postmortem successes of Kádár"are the facts that ancient Goulash-Communism was a dictatorial system, which restricted the freedoms, but founded the security and relative well-being of people.People could work, although the so called in gate workless state existed, in late Kádárism people could travel to Western countries, they spent the summer at Lake Balaton, etc.Factory workers had work also and could eat and live.I remember personally, that intellectuals,eg:my medical doctor father and friends revolted against the Regime.

Musicians like Nagy Feró a "Nemzet Csótánya", at that time standed also at the opposite side and they had continous conflict with Dr. Erdős Péter, the so called pop-cenzor.

From 1990, after the democratic changes, when MDF and Antall József were elected and after, during socialist-liberal(MSZP-SZDSZ), governements security of well-being, and living and eating has gone and splitted up for lot.Workers and other couches lost their job, some lost their homes and homeless people appeared in Hungary.Situation changed a lot during the end of Kádárism.

Although since 2010, with Fidesz-KDNP Governements, and with Orbán VIktor Prime Minister of Hungary the security, progress and well-being came back and the progress and security and protection of Hungary against illegal immigrants and Ukraine-Russa war are secured.

After 1989 lot of people disappointed in democratic changes and they are dreaming and wish back Kádárism.We can conclude that "Soft Dictature"insured the stability and relative well-being of Hungary.

Destractions of Tomb

In November 2000 an elder woman, of 69 years old painted the Munkásmozgalmi Pantheon, Worker Movement Pantheon with a green coloured painting and three graves of Ancient Communist Leaders also. One of them was Kádár János.Workers Movement Pantheon and Kádár grave can be found at Cemetery of Fiumei Street.She thought that the death of lot  of young people happened because of Kádár János.

Unknown persons destroyed Kádár János tomb at Fiumei Street in dawntime of 2nd of May 2007.Perpetrators tagged the "Gyilkosok '56" text on the tomb.There were several perpetrators, due to considerations.

The same unknown persons tagged also Munkásmozgalmi Pantheon with the text as follows:"Gyilkos és áruló szent földben nem nyughat.1956-2006".

Killers and treators can not repose in saint ground.1956-2006.This text is a musical text from the Neveket akarok hallani song of Kárpátia Music Band.Police investigated and examined the relation between the tomb destruction and the text.Political parties condemned the profany.Police established a group of investigation of ten persons.However the investigation has not brought results and was closed on 29th of November 2007.Since the affair cameras were installed at the tomb.Since 2014 Kádár and his wife Grave is protected by Nemzeti Emlékhely Bizottság.(Committee of National Places of Reminescence).

alakja a művészetekben

főbb kitüntetései(Prizes, recognitions)

Magyar Népköztársasági Érdemrend I.fokozata(1950)

Szocialista Munka Hőse (1962, 1972, 1982)

Szovjetúnió Hőse(1964)

Nemzetközi Lenin-békedíj(1977)

művei

jegyzetek

források

további információk

source:Kádár János Wikipedia